Table 2.
Study characteristics
| References | Study design | Department | Sample size (n) | Delirium cases sample size (n) | Included patients (n) | Age, years (mean, SD) | Opioids | Opioid use (n) | Delirium cases [n (%)] | Method for detecting delirium | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adunsky [23] | Retrospective cohort | Orthopedic surgery | 181 | 32 | 92 | 82.3 (7.7) | Meperidine | 44 | 19 (43) | CAM | |
| Morphine | 48 | 13 (27) | |||||||||
| Brouquet [20] | Prospective cohort | Abdominal surgery | 133 | 28 | 118 | 81.3 (4.8) | Tramadol | 60 | 22 (37) | CAM | |
| No tramadol | 58 | 38 (66) | |||||||||
| Marcantonio [7] | Nested case controla | Mixed surgical | 1341 | 91 | 245 | 73 (8) | Meperidine | 123 | 59 (48) | CAM | |
| Morphine | 74 | 52 (70) | |||||||||
| Fentanyl | 23 | 9 (39) | |||||||||
| Oxycodone | 39 | 9 (23) | |||||||||
| Codeine | 17 | 6 (35) | |||||||||
| No opioid | 14 | 4 | (29) | ||||||||
| Morrison [9] | Prospective cohort | Orthopedic surgery | 620 | 87 | 541 | Unknown, average above 60 | Meperidine | 129 | 27 (21) | CAM | |
| No meperidine | 412 | 60 (15) | |||||||||
| Nandi [21] | Nested case controlb | Orthopedic surgery | 20,157 | 98 | 463 | Unknown, average above 60 | Hydromorphone | 289 | 58 (20) | See text | |
| Any other opioid, no hydromorphone | 174 | 40 (23) | |||||||||
| Oxycodone | 11 | 2 (18) | |||||||||
| Any other opioid, no oxycodone | 452 | 96 (21) | |||||||||
| Morphine | 3 | 1 (33) | |||||||||
| Any other opioid, no morphine | 460 | 97 (21) | |||||||||
| Hydrocodone-APAP | 30 | 9 (30) | |||||||||
| Any other opioid, no hydrocodone-APAP | 433 | 89 (21) | |||||||||
| Tramadol | 19 | 2 (11) | |||||||||
| Any other opioid, no tramadol | 444 | 96 (22) | |||||||||
| Shiiba [22] | Retrospective cohort | Oncological surgery | Unknown | 24 | 132 | 63 (12.6) | Fentanyl | 63 | 6 (17) | DSM-IV | |
| Morphine | 69 | 18 (26) | |||||||||
APAP acetaminophen (paracetamol), CAM confusion assessment method, DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, SD standard deviation
aMatched on: age; poor cognitive function; poor physical function; alcohol abuse; markedly abnormal preoperative sodium, potassium, or glucose levels; aortic aneurysm surgery; non-cardiac thoracic surgery
bMatched on: age; type of surgery; year of surgery