Table 1.

(−) Sense RNA respiratory viruses that cause increased neutrophil infiltration during infection.

Virus family	Virus type	Host/model	Primary airway target cell	Pathology	Neutrophil abundance	Reference
Orthomyxoviridae	Influenza A virus	Hu, NHP, Mo, Fe, Sw	Epithelial cells [upper respiratory tract (URT), lower respiratory tract (LRT)]	Mild: necrotic rhinitis and tracheitis; moderate: necrotic bronchiolitis and alveolitis; severe: diffuse alveolar damage and hypercytokinemia	(+++)	(229–231)
Paramyxoviridae	Human respiratory syncytial virus	Hu	Epithelial cells (URT, LRT)	Severe: necrotic bronchiolitis and alveolitis, obstructed bronchioles, and giant cell formation	(+++)	(232, 233)
Paramyxoviridae	Human metapneumovirus	Hu	Epithelium	Mild: airway inflammation and epithelial degeneration	(+)	(234, 235)
Paramyxoviridae	Hendrah/Nipah virus	Hu	Not defined	Severe: interstitial pneumonia, but primarily vasotropic or neurotropic	(++)	(236)
Paramyxoviridae	Measles virus	Hu, Mo	Resident myeloid cells of the lung	Severe: bronchiolitis obliterans	(++)	(237)
Paramyxoviridae	Human parainfluenza virus	Hu	Ciliated epithelium	Bronchiolitis and alveolitis	Not defined	(238)
Bunyaviridae	New World hantavirus	Hu	Lung microvascular endothelium	Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, endothelial infilammation, and focal antigen-positive sites in lung	(+)	(239)

Hu, human; NHP, non-human primate; Mo, mouse; Fe; ferret; Sw, swine.