Table 5.
3D imaging technology for plant phenotyping.
3D sensor | Measures | Application |
---|---|---|
Stereo camera. | 3D imaging. | Biomass and shoot structure. |
High resolution volumetric imaging (X-ray tomographs, Magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission detectors). | 3D imaging of physiological status. | Water content, morphometricparameters. |
Laser scanning technologies such as Light Detection And Range (LIDAR) (Menzel et al., 2009; Eitel et al., 2011; Hosoi and Omasa, 2012; Araus and Cairns, 2014; Deery et al., 2014; Raza et al., 2015; Rousseau et al., 2015). | Measures the distance between a target and the sensor by analyzing the reflected light of a laser. | Canopy characterization such as phenology, and leaf area index (Llorens et al., 2011; Rinaldi et al., 2013; Sanz et al., 2013; Hosoi et al., 2011). |