Fig. 1.

Experimental setup and the pattern combinations used in different conditions. The bumblebee hives (H) were placed at the middle of the entrance to a 5 m-long flight tunnel with flexible height and width (60, 120, 180, and 240 cm). The feeder channels (marked in yellow for nectar and orange for pollen) were hidden in a white box at the end of the flight tunnel. A high-speed camera recorded bees flying over the central (150 cm) section of the tunnel. The floor of the tunnel was either white (a, b), lined with a red dead leaves pattern that covered either the entire width (c, d) or half the width (e, f) of the tunnel floor. The walls were either grey (b, d–f) or lined with a black dead leaves pattern (a, c). Conditions with a completely patterned floor and patterned walls (c) are re-analysed from Linander et al. (2016)