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. 2017 May 12;17:437. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4373-x

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Map of states included in 2008–2013 NOPUS survey. Whilst the survey is nationally representative, not all states were sampled. States shaded in white were not sampled; Alaska and Hawaii were also not sampled (not shown). States in any shade of grey were sampled. States shaded in dark grey had a universal hand-held cell phone use while driving ban implemented before or during the survey period. Illinois and New Hampshire had universal hand-held bans, which became effective after the study period (January 2014 and July 2015, respectively)