Table 3.

The association between driver hand-held cell phone conversations and state legislation stratified by sex

Characteristic	Total Na	Percent of drivers holding phone to earb	Crude Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Limit)c		Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Limit)c		P-valued
Hand-held phone ban in male drivers							<0.0001
No	106,969	4.9	1.00	(Referent)	1.00	(Referent)
Yes	45,615	2.4	0.50	(0.43, 0.58)	0.47	(0.40, 0.55)
Hand-held phone ban in female drivers
No	77,026	8.0	1.00	(Referent)	1.00	(Referent)
Yes	34,063	3.0	0.36	(0.31, 0.43)	0.34	(0.28, 0.41)

^aThe total number of drivers with the specified characteristic by presence/absence of hand-held cell phone use while driving legislation

^bPercentage of drivers who were observed engaging in hand-held cell phone conversations by presence/absence of hand-held cell phone use while driving legislation

^cAll crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression for complex surveys; adjusted models controlled for year, age, race, urbanicity of location, seatbelt use, vehicle type, presence of universal texting ban (binary), presence of young driver all cell phone ban (binary), non-universal texting while driving law (binary), and the number of cell phone subscriptions per 100 residents

^dThe p-value presented is from the interaction term which assessed the relationship between the sub-group and hand-held CPWD ban