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. 2017 Mar 22;7:239. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00161-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Fractal analyses of the ipsilateral and contralateral brain demonstrate widespread alterations in vasculature complexity and frequency after brain injury. (A) The average skewness for radial concentric circles located in the ipsilateral injury site and contralateral corresponding brain region demonstrate a widespread decrease in vascular complexity (skewness) compared to shams. (B) Similarly, the average kurtosis from ipsilateral and contralateral brain regions displayed a similar distribution and pattern as found for skewness. (C) The average peak frequency value for each concentric circle ipsilateral and contralateral to the injury site confirms a reduction in the complexity of the vasculature in TBI animals compared to shams. Interestingly, the focal injury reductions in the complexity of the vasculature are observed uniformly not only at the ipsilateral injury site but also on identical contralateral brain tissues.