Table 3.
Effect of pNaKtide on hepatic lipid accumulation markers, inflammatory, fibrotic markers, and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation genes in C57Bl/6 and ApoE−/− mice fed a western diet.
| C57Bl6 | ApoE−/− | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTR | WD | WD + pNaKtide | CTR | WD | WD + pNaKtide | |
| Lipid Accumulation Markers | ||||||
| Liver triglycerides (mg TG/mg protein) | 0.1 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.04** | 0.2 ± 0.01## | 0.8 ± 0.03 | 2.05 ± 0.1** | 0.9 ± 0.08## |
| Liver FFA (nmol/100 mg) | 18.3 ± 1.2 | 30.4 ± 2.5** | 17.3 ± 0.8*,## | 7.5 ± 1.06 | 27.4 ± 4.7** | 11.09 ± 1.8# |
| FAS mRNA | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 3.2 ± 0.1** | 1.4 ± 0.3## | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 2.8 ± 0.5** | 1.3 ± 0.1## |
| CD36 mRNA | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 4.1 ± 0.3** | 1.9 ± 0.5## | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 2.6 ± 0.1** | 1.1 ± 0.1## |
| Fatty Acid Oxidation Markers | ||||||
| PGC1α mRNA | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 0.5 ± 0.09* | 1.2 ± 0.01## | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 0.6 ± 0.03** | 1.1 ± 0.02## |
| CPT1 mRNA | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 0.6 ± 0.03* | 1.4 ± 0.1## | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.1* | 1.3 ± 0.08## |
| LCAD mRNA | 1.006 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.03** | 1.7 ± 0.2*,## | 1.006 ± 0.02 | 0.4 ± 0.07* | 1.2 ± 0.07## |
| Oxidative Stress Markers | ||||||
| TBARS (umol/mg protein) | 19.4 ± 1.04 | 31.2 ± 1.3** | 18.1 ± 2.8## | 21.6 ± 3.5 | 48.5 ± 7.1** | 28.1 ± 1.4# |
| Inflammatory Markers | ||||||
| F4/80 mRNA | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 3.1 ± 0.3** | 1.3 ± 0.1## | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 2.1 ± 0.2** | 1.3 ± 0.1## |
| MCP-1 mRNA | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 2.4 ± 0.2** | 1.3 ± 0.1## | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 3.9 ± 0.2** | 2.2 ± 0.5## |
| IL-6 mRNA | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 3.5 ± 0.8** | 1.2 ± 0.1# | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 3.5 ± 0.8* | 1.2 ± 0.1# |
| Fibrosis Markers | ||||||
| Fibronectin mRNA | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 2.4 ± 0.2** | 0.5 ± 0.04## | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 2.5 ± 0.3** | 0.9 ± 0.06## |
| MMP-13 mRNA | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 2.8 ± 0.1** | 1.08 ± 0.1## | 0.9 ± 0.003 | 3.3 ± 0.7* | 2.3 ± 0.9 |
| MMP-9 mRNA | 0.9 ± 0.004 | 3.5 ± 0.1** | 1.02 ± 0.1## | 0.9 ± 0.004 | 2.08 ± 0.3** | 1.2 ± 0.2## |
Results are means ± SEM, n = 6–8/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. control; #<0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs WD.