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. 2017 Feb 2;7:12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00047-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Flowchart describing the procedure of speech test experiment. (A) The motor score of UPDRS was examined in each RBD subject by a well-trained neurologist. (B) RBD subjects were separated into a subgroup of motor negatives (asymptomatic, UPDRS III* ≤ 3) and a subgroup of motor positives (symptomatic, UPDRS III* > 3). (C,D) Speech performances of all newly diagnosed, untreated PD patients, RBD subjects, and controls were analyzed using the set of designed speech features. (E) The most distinctive parkinsonian speech patterns were determined as the best resulting combination of speech features for differentiating between newly diagnosed, untreated PD patients and controls. (F) All RBD subjects were separated into a subgroup of speech positives (subjects with unchanged speech performance) and a subgroup of speech negatives (subjects with speech performance closer to PD speakers) based on the most distinctive parkinsonian speech pattern obtained through comparison between newly diagnosed, untreated PD and controls. PD = Parkinson’s disease, RBD = rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; UPDRS III* = motor part of the UPDRS III score after removal of action tremor.