Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participants grouped by pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain.
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | GWG categories by IOM guidelines (kg) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | Below | Within | Above | |
| N (%) | 96 (11.5) | 558 (67.1) | 134 (16.1) | 44 (5.3) | 187 (22.5) | 352 (42.3) | 293 (35.2) |
| Age, y | |||||||
| <35 | 77 (11.1) | 466 (67.2) | 115 (16.6) | 35 (5.1) | 151 (21.8) | 294 (42.4) | 248 (35.8) |
| ≥35 | 19 (13.7) | 92 (66.2) | 19 (13.7) | 9 (6.5) | 36 (25.9) | 58 (41.7) | 45 (32.4) |
| Parity | |||||||
| Multiparous | 11 (11.3) | 64 (66.0) | 16 (16.5) | 6 (6.2) | 27 (27.8) | 42 (43.3) | 28 (28.9) |
| Nulliparous | 85 (11.6) | 494 (67.2) | 118 (16.1) | 38 (5.2) | 160 (21.8) | 310 (42.2) | 265 (36.1) |
| Height, cm | 161.5 ± 4.5 | 161.4 ± 7.7 | 161.6 ± 4.4 | 161.2 ± 5.7 | 160.7 ± 4.4 | 161.4 ± 4.6 | 161.9 ± 9.7 |
| Glycated hemoglobin, % | 4.96 ± 0.28*† | 5.04 ± 0.31*† | 5.21 ± 0.31‡§† | 5.43 ± 0.40‡§* | 5.04 ± 0.34|| | 5.08 ± 0.33 | 5.11 ± 0.33¶ |
| Gestational weeks#, weeks | 39.3 ± 1.1 | 39.2 ± 1.4 | 39.2 ± 0.9 | 38.9 ± 2.1 | 39.0 ± 1.8 | 39.3 ± 1.3 | 39.3 ± 1.1 |
| Birth weight#, g | 3273 ± 341§*† | 3291 ± 435‡ | 3485 ± 408‡ | 3470 ± 679‡ | 3206 ± 436**|| | 3413 ± 418¶|| | 3497 ± 433¶** |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI#††, kg/m2 | 21.60 ± 3.0|| | 21.65 ± 3.3|| | 22.43 ± 3.4¶** | ||||
Data presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. BMI, body mass index; GWG, gestational weight gain; IOM, Institute of Medicine. *P < 0.05 vs. overweight group; †P < 0.05 vs. obese group; ‡P < 0.05 vs. underweight group; §P < 0.05vs. normal weight group; ||P < 0.05 vs. excessive (‘above’) GWG group; ¶P < 0.05 vs. inadequate (‘below’) GWG group; # variance is non-homogeneous; **P < adequate (‘within’) GWG group; ††The Correlation coefficient between Pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG is −0.283, P < 0.05.