Table 1. Ethical examples from the field of animal behavior.

100% open access journals (listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals; www.doaj.org) at publishers that keep profits inside academia. Article processing charges vary from $0–2900 and fit a range of budgets. Other factors that can promote scientific rigor include publishing the review history alongside the published article (Open Reviews), having the methods and analyses peer-reviewed before the data are collected (Registered Reports), and selecting articles based on their scientific validity rather than their predicted impact on the field (which is subjective). CC-BY licenses allow people to not only read the article, but also to access its content. Some researchers prefer to submit papers to society-owned journals. NP=non-profit organization, FP=for-profit organization.

Journal	Article Processing Charge	Open Reviews	Registered Reports accepted	License	Articles selected for scientific validity not subjective impact	Society- owned	Publisher
Royal Society Open Science	Free	Yes	Yes	CC-BY	Yes	Yes	Royal Society (NP)
PeerJ	$399/author (lifetime membership)	Yes	No	CC-BY	Yes	No	PeerJ (FP *)
eLife	$2500	Yes	No	CC-BY	No	No	eLife (NP)
Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews	Free for authors ^	No	No	CC-BY- NC-ND 3.0	Yes	Yes	The Comparative Cognition Society (NP)
PLOS (several journals)	$1495–2900	No	No	CC-BY	Some yes, others no	No	PLOS (NP)
ScienceOpen Research	$400 or 800	Yes	No	CC-BY 4.0	Yes	No	ScienceOpen (FP *)
Biology Open	$1495	No	No	CC-BY	Yes	No	Company of Biologists (NP)

*These for-profit publishers reinvest profits into academia and are working to modernize publishing infrastructure

^If institutions can pay, an article processing charge of $1000 is requested