Table 2.

Means and regression coefficients for advised-to-quit smoking scale (0–100)^a by demographic, coverage, and health characteristics^b,c.

	% of all smokers in this group (N = 32,772)	Mean of 0–100 advised-to-quit item (N = 28,783)	Model 1: Multivariate linear regression of advised-to-quit scale	Model 2: Model 1 plus interactions of gender by age and gender by race/ethnicity
Gender
Male [Reference]	54.6	50.9	[Reference]	[Reference]
Female	45.4	55.2***	3.9 (2.5, 5.3)***	3.0 (1.1, 5.0)**
Age category
65–69 [Reference]	42.6	55.1	[Reference]	[Reference]
70–74	28.1	53.6	−1.9 (−3.5, −0.4)*	−2.5 (−4.2, −0.8)**
75–79	16.2	52.2**	−2.8 (−4.7, −0.9)**	−4.0 (−6.2, −1.8)***
80–84	8.5	48.6***	−7.1 (−9.6, −4.7)***	−9.1 (−12.1, −6.1)***
≥85	4.6	39.6***	−15.9 (−19.2, −12.6)***	−18.8(−22.9,−14.6)***
Education
8th grade or less	11.2	50.9	−3.0 (−5.5, −0.5)*	−3.0 (−5.5, −0.5)*
Some high school	16.4	54.1	−0.6 (−2.6, 1.4)	−0.6 (−2.6, 1.4)
High school degree [Reference]	35.9	53.2	[Reference]	[Reference]
Some college/2-yr degree	23.3	54.0	1.7 (−0.1, 3.4)	1.7 (−0.1, 3.5)
4-yr college degree	6.2	50.5	0.1 (−2.8, 3.0)	0.2 (−2.7, 3.1)
More than 4-yr college degree	6.9	50.5	0.7 (−2.1, 3.6)	0.8 (−2.0, 3.7)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White [Reference]	79.5	52.2	[Reference]	[Reference]
Hispanic	5.1	54.7	6.7 (3.4, 10.0)***	8.6 (4.3, 12.9)***
African–American	10.4	55.5*	7.5 (5.0, 10.1)***	8.1 (4.4, 11.8)***
API	1.7	61.4**	14.3 (8.2, 20.4)***	13.0 (5.4, 20.7)***
AI/AN	0.7	54.6	7.4 (−0.3, 15.1)	6.6 (−4.3, 17.5)
Multiracial	2.6	55.4	1.3 (−3.0, 5.6)	4.2 (−1.6, 10.1)
Census divisiond
New England [Reference]	4.0	61.9	[Reference]	[Reference]
Middle Atlantic	12.9	58.2	−3.9 (−7.4, −0.3)*	−3.8 (−7.3, −0.2
East North Central	15.6	53.5***	−9.6 (−13.1, −6.1)***	−9.6 (−13.1, −6.0)***
West North Central	7.1	49.8***	−13.1 (−16.9, −9.2)***	−13.0(−16.9, −9.2)***
South Atlantic	21.3	52.6***	−10.5 (−14, −7.1)***	−10.5 (−13.9, −7.1)***
East South Central	8.9	46.8***	−17.7 (−21.5, −14.0)***	−17.7(−21.5,−13.9)***
West South Central	12.0	49.5***	−14.2 (−17.9, −10.5)***	−14.1(−17.8,−10.4)***
Mountain	6.6	51.3***	−11.4 (−15.3, −7.6)***	−11.4 (−15.3,−7.6)***
Pacific	11.6	54.8***	−8.2 (−11.9, −4.5)***	−8.2 (−11.9,−4.5)***
Dually eligible for Medicaid
Yes	18.8	55.9***	0.1 (−1.8, 2.0)	0.1 (−1.8, 2.0)
No [Reference]	81.2	52.2	[Reference]	[Reference]
Any proxy assistance on survey
Yes	11.5	54.1	1.3 (−1.3, 3.9)	1.3 (−1.4, 3.9)
No [Reference]	88.5	52.8	[Reference]	[Reference]
Completion of survey by proxy
Yes	3.2	49.3	−5.7 (−9.9, −1.4)**	−5.8 (−10.0, −1.6)**
No [Reference]	96.8	53.0	[Reference]	[Reference]
Has a personal physician
Yes	90.0	54.6***	18.1 (15.5, 20.8)***	18.2 (15.5, 20.9)***
No [Reference]	10.0	33.6	[Reference]	[Reference]
How confident are you that you can identify your need for medical care?e
Not at all confident	1.5	47.2	0.7 (−0.3, 1.7)	0.7 (−0.3, 1.7)
Somewhat confident	8.3	54.3
Confident	36.4	52.8
Very confident	53.7	53.1
Self-reported general health
Excellent	6.5	39.7***	−9.8 (−13.0, −6.6)***	−9.8 (−13.0, −6.5)***
Very good	23.2	46.8***	−4.0 (−5.9, −2.2)***	−4.1 (−5.9, −2.2)***
Good [Reference]	37.0	52.6	[Reference]	[Reference]
Fair	25.6	58.9***	3.2 (1.4, 4.9)***	3.2 (1.4, 4.9)***
Poor	7.6	61.1***	3.1 (0.4, 5.9)*	3.2 (0.5, 6.0)*
Self-reported mental health
Excellent	28.9	51.1*	2.1 (0.1, 4.0)*	2.0 (0.1, 4.0)*
Very good	31.8	52.6	1.0 (−0.8, 2.7)	0.9 (−0.8, 2.6)
Good [Reference]	27.1	53.3	[Reference]	[Reference]
Fair	10.3	57.0**	1.0 (−1.5, 3.4)	1.0 (−1.5, 3.4)
Poor	1.9	56.5	−1.2 (−6.6, 4.2	−1.2 (−6.6, 4.2)
History of heart attack
Yes	17.3	61.4***	5.3 (3.4, 7.3)***	5.4 (3.4, 7.3)***
No [Reference]	82.7	51.3	[Reference]	[Reference]
History of angina
Yes	18.7	61.7***	5.0 (3.1, 6.8)***	5.0 (3.1, 6.8)***
No [Reference]	81.3	51.1	[Reference]	[Reference]
History of stroke
Yes	11.4	59.1***	2.8 (0.7, 5.0)**	2.8 (0.7, 5.0)**
No [Reference]	88.6	52.2	[Reference]	[Reference]
History of cancer
Yes	17.0	55.8***	2.3 (0.5, 4.1)*	2.3 (0.6, 4.1)*
No [Reference]	83.0	52.4	[Reference]	[Reference]
History of COPD
Yes	28.2	67.6***	16.3 (14.8, 17.7)***	16.3 (14.8, 17.7)***
No [Reference]	71.8	47.7	[Reference]	[Reference]
History of diabetes
Yes	28.3	57.8***	3.7 (2.2, 5.1)***	3.7 (2.2, 5.2)***
No [Reference]	71.7	51.1	[Reference]	[Reference]
Smoking intensity
Every day [Reference]	65.5	55.8	[Reference]	[Reference]
Some days	34.5	47.5***	−8.7 (−10.1, −7.3)***	−8.7 (−10.0, −7.3)***
Gender × linear agef
Female × age				1.3 (0.1, 2.5)*
Gender × race/ethnicityg
Hispanic × female				−4.7 (−11, 1.7)
African–American × female				−1.3 (−6.2, 3.6)
API × female				4.5 (−7.7, 16.7)
AI/AN × female				2.3 (−12.3, 16.8)
Multiracial × female				−6.6 (−15.2, 2.0)

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.001.

API: Asian/Pacific Islander.

AI/AN: American Indian/Alaska Native.

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

^aLinear rescaled from 4 answer options to the item ‘In the last 6 months, how often were you advised to quit smoking or using tobacco by a doctor or other health provider? (0 = Never; 33 = Sometimes; 67 = Usually; 100 = Always).

^bIn 2010 MCAHPS data, age 65 and older, in the 50 states or D.C., current smokers with at least one visit in the past 6 months.

^cModels 1 and 2 also adjust for type of Medicare coverage (Fee-For-Service, in a Medicare Advantage Special Needs Plan, or in any other type of Medicare Advantage plan), results not shown.

^dCensus divisions are created from state of beneficiary residence as follows: New England: CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT; Middle Atlantic: NJ, NY, PA; East North Central: IL, IN, MI, OH, WI; West North Central: IA, KS, MN, MO, ND, NE, SD; South Atlantic: DC, DE, FL, GA, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV; East South Central: AL, KY, MS, TN; West South Central: AR, LA, OK, TX; Mountain: AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, UT, WY; Pacific: AK, CA, HI, OR, WA.

^eLinear version used in modeling. Coded 1 to 4; higher indicates more confident. P-value = 0.68.

^fLinear age used in interactions, coded as: 0 = 65–69 years; 1 = 70–74; 2 = 75–79; 3 = 80–84; 4 = 85+.

^gJoint test of gender × race/ethnicity interaction has p-value = 0.41 (df = 5).