Table 1.
Clinical trials over the generations of CAR T cells
| Antigen targeted | Disease | CAR generation | Clinical phase | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Folate receptor alpha | Ovarian cancer | 1 | I | Successful transfer; poor antitumor efficacy | Kershaw 2006 |
| Carboxy-anhydrase-IX | Metastatic renal cell carcinoma | 1 | I | Increased interferon levels; liver toxicity (off-target) | Lamers 2007; Lamers 2006 |
| L1-cell adhesion molecule | Neuroblastoma | 1 | I | Successful transfer but low persistence | Park 2007 |
| PSMA | Prostate cancer | 2 | In vitro | Heightened T-cell proliferation | Maher 2002 |
| CD19 | Leukemia | 2 | In vitro | Strong antitumor effects | Brentjens 2007 |
| PSMA | Prostate cancer | 3 | In vitro | Heightened T-cell proliferation; strong persistence | Zhong 2010 |
| Human epidermal growth factor (HER-2) | Colon cancer | 3 | I | Cytokine storm | Morgan 2010 |
| Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) | Multiple sclerosis | 3 | In vitro | Disease suppression and reduced symptoms | Fransson 2012 |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Irritable bowel syndrome | 3 | In vivo | Suppression of immune response | Hombach 2009 |
CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen.