Table 3.
Factors associated with alcohol use patterns prior to and during pregnancy
| Total sample (n=580) | Any alcohol use prior (n=234) | Hazardous use prior (n=152) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Variable | Total sample | No alcohol use prior | Any alcohol use prior | P-value | Non-hazardous use prior | Hazardous use prior | P-value | Reduced consumption during | Consistently high consumption | P-value |
| Number of mothers | 580 | 346 | 234 | 82 | 152 | 106 | 46 | |||
| Age – mean (SD) | 28.8 (5.4) | 29.1 (5.4) | 28.2 (5.5) | 0.040 | 28.2 (5.5) | 28.2 (5.5) | 0.962 | 28.1 (5.5) | 28.5 (5.6) | 0.469 |
| Gestation in weeks at enrolment–mean (SD) | 20.8 (7.5) | 20.8 (7.7) | 20.6 (7.3) | 0.869 | 20.6 (7.5) | 20.6 (7.1) | 0.963 | 19.5 (6.7) | 23.2 (7.4) | 0.006 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||
| Completed secondary/any tertiary | 161 (28) | 102 (29) | 59 (25) | 12 (15) | 47 (31) | 34 (32) | 13 (28) | |||
| Primary/some secondary | 419 (72) | 244 (71) | 175 (75) | 0.260 | 70 (85) | 105 (69) | 0.006 | 72 (68) | 33 (72) | 0.640 |
| Poverty level | ||||||||||
| Least disadvantaged | 183 (32) | 100 (29) | 83 (35) | 29 (35) | 54 (36) | 39 (37) | 15 (33) | |||
| Moderate disadvantage | 193 (33) | 115 (33) | 78 (33) | 26 (32) | 52 (34) | 34 (32) | 18 (39) | |||
| Most disadvantaged | 204 (35) | 131 (38) | 73 (31) | 0.159 | 27 (33) | 46 (30) | 0.895 | 33 (31) | 13 (28) | 0.700 |
| Relationship status | ||||||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 236 (41) | 177 (51) | 59 (25) | 24 (29) | 35 (23) | 26 (25) | 9 (20) | |||
| Single | 344 (59) | 169 (49) | 175 (75) | <0.001 | 58 (71) | 117 (77) | 0.294 | 80 (75) | 37 (80) | 0.504 |
| Pregnancy intention | ||||||||||
| Intended | 169 (29) | 115 (33) | 54 (23) | 20 (24) | 34 (22) | 24 (23) | 10 (22) | |||
| Unintended | 411 (71) | 231 (67) | 180 (77) | 0.008 | 62 (76) | 118 (78) | 0.726 | 82 (77) | 36 (78) | 0.902 |
| Time of HIV diagnosis | ||||||||||
| Before this pregnancy | 263 (45) | 156 (45) | 107 (46) | 37 (45) | 70 (46) | 46 (43) | 24 (52) | |||
| During this pregnancy | 317 (55) | 190 (55) | 127 (54) | 0.879 | 45 (55) | 82 (54) | 0.892 | 60 (57) | 22 (48) | 0.319 |
| Perceived availability of support score – mean (SD; max=5) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.3 (0.8) | 0.084 | 4.4 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.8) | 0.459 | 4.4 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.9) | 0.169 |
| HIV-related stigma score mean (SD; max=5) | 2.2 (0.8) | 2.3 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.8) | 0.005 | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.9) | 0.346 | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.9) | 0.832 |
| Patient-healthcare provider relationship score – mean (SD; max=4) | 3.7 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.3) | 0.948 | 3.7 (0.4) | 3.7 (0.3) | 0.880 | 3.7 (0.3) | 3.6 (0.4) | 0.019 |
| Antenatal depressive symptoms score – mean (SD; max=30) | 5.3 (5.3) | 5.1 (5.1) | 5.6 (5.6) | 0.378 | 5.3 (5.9) | 5.8 (5.4) | 0.313 | 5.4 (5.4) | 6.7 (5.4) | 0.122 |
| Intimate partner violence | ||||||||||
| No violence | 461 (79) | 297 (86) | 164 (70) | 68 (83) | 96 (63) | 68 (64) | 28 (61) | |||
| Any violence | 119 (21) | 49 (14) | 70 (30) | <0.001 | 14 (17) | 56 (37) | 0.002 | 38 (36) | 18 (39) | 0.700 |