Table 4.

Factors independently associated with alcohol use patterns prior to and during pregnancy

	Any alcohol use vs no alcohol use prior to pregnancy		Hazardous use vs non-hazardous use prior to pregnancy		Reduced consumption vs consistently high consumption during pregnancy
Variable	Adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]	P-value	Adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]	P-value	Adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]	P-value
Age	1.00 [0.96, 1.03]	0.802	1.00 [0.95, 1.06]	0.874	0.99 [0.93, 1.06]	0.774
Gestation in weeks at enrolment					0.93 [0.88, 0.98]	0.011
Educational attainment
Completed secondary/any tertiary			Reference
Primary/some secondary			0.38 [0.18, 0.78]	0.008
Poverty level
Least disadvantaged	Reference		Reference		Reference
Moderate disadvantage	0.85 [0.55, 1.32]	0.477	1.10 [0.56, 2.18]	0.783	0.62 [0.26, 1.50]	0.293
Most disadvantaged	0.93 [0.59, 1.45]	0.740	1.05 [0.52, 2.10]	0.896	0.91 [0.36, 2.30]	0.839
Relationship status
Married/cohabiting	Reference
Single	3.14 [2.12, 4.65]	<0.001
HIV-related stigma score	0.69 [0.55, 0.86]	0.001
Patient-healthcare provider relationship
score					2.99 [1.01, 8.87]	0.048
Intimate partner violence
No violence	Reference		Reference
Any violence	2.84 [1.83, 4.40]	<0.001	2.84 [1.45, 5.57]	0.002