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. 2017 May 12;12:73. doi: 10.1186/s13018-017-0572-5

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Surgical technique. Exposure of three consecutive intervertebral discs (L3/4, L4/5, and L5/6). Empty defects (1.8-mm diameter; 4-mm depth) were created using a mini-trephine in the anterolateral annulus; annulus punctures were performed using a 16G needle at a depth of 5 mm