Table 3.
Multivariate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for frailty compared to no frailty by tertile of dietary total antioxidant capacity and protein among 2108 old Japanese womena
| T1 (Lowest) (n = 702) | T2 (Intermediate) (n = 703) | T3 (Highest) (n = 703) | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total proteinb, g/d | ≤67.6 | 67.6–78.3 | >78.3 | |
| Frailtyc, % | 28.5 | 20.8 | 19.2 | |
| Model 1d | 1.00 (ref) | 0.61 (0.46, 0.80) | 0.64 (0.48, 0.84) | 0.001 |
| Model 1e + dietary TACf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.62 (0.46, 0.82) | 0.66 (0.49, 0.87) | 0.003 |
| Animal proteinb, g/d | ≤36.9 | 36.9–48.4 | >48.4 | |
| Frailtyc, % | 25.9 | 22.3 | 20.2 | |
| Model 1e | 1.00 (ref) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.03) | 0.75 (0.57, 1.00) | 0.04 |
| Model 1e + dietary TACf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.76 (0.57, 1.01) | 0.75 (0.56, 0.99) | 0.04 |
| Model 1e + plant proteinf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.75 (0.57, 1.00) | 0.68 (0.51, 0.92) | 0.01 |
| Model 1e + plant protein + dietary TACf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.75 (0.56, 1.00) | 0.71 (0.53, 0.96) | 0.03 |
| Plant proteinb, g/d | ≤28.6 | 28.6–32.0 | >32.0 | |
| Frailtyc, % | 25.6 | 21.3 | 21.5 | |
| Model 1e | 1.00 (ref) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.03) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.14) | 0.30 |
| Model 1e + dietary TACf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.82 (0.62, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) | 0.91 |
| Model 1e + animal proteinf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.72 (0.54, 0.97) | 0.76 (0.57, 1.03) | 0.08 |
| Model 1e + animal protein + dietary TACf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.77 (0.58, 1.03) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.21) | 0.42 |
| Dietary TACb, mmol TE/d | ≤17.3 | 17.3–23.1 | >23.1 | |
| Frailtyc, % | 30.6 | 23.6 | 14.2 | |
| Model 1e | 1.00 (ref) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.04) | 0.51 (0.38, 0.69) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1e + total proteinf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.08) | 0.52 (0.39, 0.71) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1e + animal proteinf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) | 0.51 (0.38, 0.68) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1e + plant proteinf | 1.00 (ref) | 0.79 (0.60, 1.04) | 0.51 (0.37, 0.69) | <0.0001 |
CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, ref reference, TAC total antioxidant capacity, TE Trolox equivalent
aValues are ORs (95%CIs), unless otherwise indicated
bProtein intakes and dietary TAC were energy-adjusted according to the residual method
cFrailty score (0–5) was defined as the sum of poor physical function (two points), exhaustion (one point), low physical activity (one point), and unintentional weight loss (one point). A score ≥3 were classified as frailty
eAdjusted for age (y, continuous), body mass index (kg/m2, continuous), residential block (Hokkaido and Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku and Tokai, Kinki, Chugoku and Shikoku, or Kyushu), size of residential area (city with a population ≥1 million, city with a population <1 million, or town and village), living alone (yes or no), current smoking (yes or no), alcohol drinking (yes or no), dietary supplement use (yes or no), history of chronic disease (any of stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, or chronic rheumatism; yes or no), depression symptoms (yes or no), and energy intake (kcal/d, tertiles)
fFurther adjusted for total protein (g/d, tertiles), animal protein (g/d, tertiles), plant protein (g/d, tertiles), or dietary TAC (mmol/TE, tertiles)