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. 2017 Apr 6;7:715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00715-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Pancreas inflammation, cytokine induction and signaling pathways evoked by cerulein are attenuated by heparanase inhibitor. WT and Hpa-Tg mice were injected with saline (left panels) or cerulein in the absence (middle panels) or presence (right panels) of PG545 pretreatment. Pancreas tissues were collected 24 h thereafter, and 5 micron sections from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were stained for neutrophils infiltration (A), p65 (D) and phospho-STAT3 (F). Immunofluorescent staining of corresponding sections for TNFα (green) is shown in (C) along with nuclear counterstaining (blue). Shown are representative photomicrographs at x10 (A) and x40 (C,D,F) original magnification. Total RNA was extracted from corresponding pancreas tissues and subjected to real-time PCR analyses applying primers specific for TNFα (B) and IL-6 (E). Relative gene expression (fold-increase) is shown graphically in relation to the levels in control pancreas set arbitrarily to a value of 1. *p < 0.01 for control vs. cerulein; **p < 0.001 for cerulein vs. cerulein+PG545. (G) Immunoblotting. Protein extracts from corresponding pancreas tissues were subjected to immunoblotting applying anti-phospho-IκB (upper panel), anti-IκB (second panel), anti-phospho-STAT3 (third panel), anti-STAT3 (fourth panel) and anti-actin (lower panel) antibodies.