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. 2017 Apr 4;7:626. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00725-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The measured LDPA signals from black ink with laser pulse width of (a) 100 µs, (b) 500 µs and (c) 1 ms. (d) Significant PA signal generation due to bubble generation and collapse with 1.5 ms laser pulse width. (e) The nonlinear ratio comparison with different laser pulse widths. (f) Amplitudes of first PA signal (red line, square symbol) and second PA signal (blue line, circle symbol) by sweeping the average power of the laser source.