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. 2017 Apr 7;7:732. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00826-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Interleukin (IL)-1b and C-C chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1) were identified as direct target genes of miR-181d. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were analyzed in the IL-1b (A) and CCR1 (B) groups. The survival rate was calculated by multivariate permutation tests (with a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.01). TCGA GBM patients were divided into two groups based on the median expression cutoff points of IL-1b and CCR1 levels. (C) Schematic diagram of potential miR-181d-targeted sites in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the IL-1b and CCR1 genes. (D) Effects of miR-181d on 3′UTR luciferase activity of the IL-1b and CCR1 genes. To test for miR-181d’s effect, different doses of miR-181d-expressing plasmids were co-transfected with 500 ng of the pmiRGlo-3′UTR or mutant 3′UTR of the IL-1b and CCR1 genes. Luciferase activity was measured in these cells 24 h after transfection. Effects of miR-181d overexpression on mRNA (E) and protein (F) expressions of the IL-1b and CCR1 genes. (G) Detection of endogenous protein levels of the IL-1b and CCR1 genes in normal human astrocytes and three different glioma cell lines including HS683, M059K, and U87-MG cells. Dose-dependent effects of IGF-1 on mRNA (H) and protein (I) expressions of the IL-1b and CCR1 genes. Data are the mean ± SD of three experiments. *p < 0.05. (J) The effects of miR-181d on IGF-1-mediated IL-1b and CCR1 protein levels. (K) The effects of IGF1-miR181d-cytokines axis on glioma cell invasion. After cells were respectively treated with 100 ng/ml IGF-1, 10ng/ml IL1b, or transfecting with CCR1 and miR-181d overexpressing plasmids, the cell invasion changes were measured by matrigel invasion assays. Data are the mean ± SD of three different fields. *p < 0.05 compared with control. (L) Schematic diagram shows IGF-1 expressions are highly associated with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, especially in regulations of IL1b and CCR1, both are miR-181d direct target genes. IGF-1 enhances IL1b and CCR1 expressions via reducing miR-181d levels, resulting in glioma cell invasion and progression.