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. 2017 Apr 6;7:682. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00839-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bortezomib and leucovorin induce activation of caspases and the DNA damage response. HCT116 (A,C,E) and HT29 (B,D,F) cells were treated with bortezomib (3 or 10 nM) and 10 µM leucovorin or with a single agent for 24 h. Cell lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and the target protein expression was analyzed by western blotting analysis. Actin was used as a loading control. (A,B) PARP and caspases, (C,D) p53 and its targets, (E,F) kinase signaling.