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. 2017 Apr 11;7:834. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00970-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cardiac function analysis after isoproterenol injection. (a) Heart size (ratio to body weight) in young (6–8 month, n = 8 for each group), middle aged (10–14 months, n = 8 WT, n = 12 TSC1 ^tg), and old (22–24 months, n = 13 WT, n = 15 TSC1 ^tg) female mice before and after isoproterenol challenge. White bar – mice with saline; black bar – mice with isoproterenol injection. Asterisks (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01) indicate statistical significance between isoproterenol injected mice and saline injected mice. Ampersand (^#p < 0.05) indicates statistical significance in the degree of hypertrophy after isoproterenol injection between Tsc1 ^tg mice and wild type mice. (b) Histological examination of left cardiac tissue from young (6–8 month), middle aged (12–14 month), and old (22–24 month) female mice using Picrosirius Red Staining as described in the method section (n = 6 mice in each group). Collagen content changes during hypertrophy were calculated as a percentage of collagen content after isoproterenol against saline injected mice of the same genotype. Asterisks (*p < 0.05) indicate statistical significance between Tsc1 ^tg mice and wild type mice.