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. 2017 Apr 13;7:873. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00988-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a,d) LBIC recordings (λ = 638 nm) and (b,c) histogram of all measured pixel values. (a,b) FEC structure (25 μm step), (c,d) IBC cell (50 μm step). Areas of reduced collection stem from absorber contact area (regular pattern) or GB and dislocations. The bright line at about two thirds height of IBC image (d) is a measurement artifact from an irregularity in the glass not affecting performance. White crosses mark locations where local effective diffusion lengths were fitted from line-scans. Dashed ellipses mark areas for comparison to EL and microscope images in Fig. 6. Values above blue dashed lines in (b,c) mark values that were used for current loss evaluation.