Table 2.

Toxicity data of transition metals.

	Concentration (mg/Kg)	Effect	Reference
Rats/Mice
Cu	300–794	LD50	66, 67
Zn	337–1710	LD50	67, 68
Co	42.4	LD50	69
Cd	100–300	LD50	70
Ni	39–46	LD50	71
Human (oral)
Cu	0.091–6	Gastrointestinal1	66
Zn	0.5–6.7	↓Cortisol, ↑LDL, gastrointestinal	68
Co	0.18–1	Gastrointestinal	69
Cd	0.07	Gastrointestinal	70
Ni	7.1–35.7	Gastrointestinal	71
Human (dermal)*
Cu	2–5% as CuSO4 (20 000–50 000)	Irritation	66, 67
Zn	1–2.5% as ZnSO4 (10 000–25 000)	May present irritation	67, 68
Co	1% as CoCl2 (10 000)	Contact allergy	69
Cd	2% as CdCl2 (20 000)	Irritation	70
Ni	0.01–0.4% as NiSO4 (100–4 000)	Contact/allergy dermatitis	71
H9C2 cells
Cu	2	IC50	This work
Zn	3	IC50	This work
Co	20	IC50	This work
Cd	0.1	IC50	This work
Ni	33	IC50	This work

¹Gastrointestinal effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps. *Dermal exposures expressed the metals salt reported in each case.