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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesth Analg. 2017 Jan;124(1):179–191. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001546

Table 4. Characteristics of Ethnic OSA Endophenotypes.

African Americans Caucasians Asians
More obese Both bony and soft tissue abnormalities Craniofacial skeletal abnormalities
Enlarged upper airway Brachycephaly Smaller maxilla
soft tissues Retropositioned mandible
Prognathism Midfacial hypoplasia
Macroglossia

Abbreviation: OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.