Design figure describing the familiarization phase (A), perceptual test phase (B), and response classification (C) in the current study. During the familiarization phase, participants heard and saw semantically associated cue-target word pairs. For the 0x conditions and baseline conditions, no word pairs were presented. During the speech in noise task, participants heard a cue word in the clear, followed by a target in noise. Responses were logged by the experimenter then classified according to the rubric above.