Table 1.

Reference database based species identification of parasite vectors.

S. No	Organisms	Sample/database	Protein extraction †	Matrix*	Software and database ≠		Comment	References
					Bruker BioTyper±	SARAMIS¥
1	Culicoides biting midges	Whole insects or thoraxes	(1) Water and (2) FA (5-50%)	SA, DHB		+	Two laboratory reared -C. nubeculosus, better spectra with SA, recommended removal of abdomen, ethanol storage, and high concentration of formic acid influenced spectra	Kaufmann et al., 2011
2		Thoraxes with head, wings, and legs	10% FA	SA		+	first field study, better results with fresh samples compared to ethanol stored	Kaufmann et al., 2012
3						+	Ethanol preserved larvae, Spectra differed with development stage	Steinmann et al., 2013
4				HCCA		+	field survey at Senegal, Africa	Sambou et al., 2015
5	Mosquitoes	head and thorax		SA		+	Several months of ethanol preserved	Muller et al., 2013
6		legs	70% FA and 50% ACN	HCCA	+		Proteins extracted from legs is sufficient	Yssouf et al., 2013b
7					+		European mosquito species identification	Yssouf et al., 2014a
8					+		Mosquitos' species and midgut microbial species identification after culturing	Tandina et al., 2016
9		Whole specimen	70% FA		+		Culicidae juvenile database-aquatic developmental stages	Dieme et al., 2014
10		Eggs		SA		+	Eggs as source for species surveillance	Schaffner et al., 2014
11		Abdomen	70% FA and 50% AC	HCCA	+		Blood mean source identification in malaria mosquito	Niare et al., 2016
12		Head and thorax	Water		+		Plasmodium parasite identification in Anopheles	Laroche et al., 2017
13	Ticks	Whole tick, nymphs, and larvae	Sonication with 6-M guanidinium chloride solution, acidified with TFA and eluted with 0.1% TFA/75% ACN	HCCA	+		Developmental stages for 7 tick species	Karger et al., 2012
14		Legs	70% FA and 50% ACN		+		Proteins extracted from legs is sufficient	Yssouf et al., 2013a
16			25% FA	SA		+	comprehensive indexing of East African ixodid tick species	Rothen et al., 2016
17		1 Spirochetes spotted directly 2 tick legs	70% FA and 50% ACN	HCCA	+		Borrelia crocidurae /Ornithodoros sonrai in ticks.	Fotso et al., 2014
18		1 Hemolymph from leg 2 R. c. conorii strain extracte	70% FA and 100% ACN		+		Rh. sanguineus specimens infected by R. c. conorii and A. variegatum specimens infected by R. africae	Yssouf et al., 2015a
19		1 Tick legs 2 Cultured and purified Rickettsia species			+		Rickettsia spp in Ticks	Yssouf et al., 2015b
20	Flea	Abdomen excised whole specimen	70% FA and 50% ACN		+		Five flea species	Yssouf et al., 2014b
21	Glossina. spp Tsetse fly	Whole insect and dissected body parts	70% FA and 100% ACN		+		Five lab reared Glossina. spp. Wings is sufficient	Hoppenheit et al., 2013
22	Phlebotomine sand flies	Thoraxes	(1) water and (2) 25% FA	SA	+		Discrimination of five Mediterranean species, Water extract yielded superior result to that of formic acid extract	Dvorak et al., 2014
23		Thoraxes, wings, and legs	70% FA and 50% ACN	HCCA	+		Six species caught from Algeria.	Lafri et al., 2016
24		Thoraxes with wings and legs	10% FA	SA, DHB		+	1. Ultraflex III MALDI TOF mass spectrometer measurement and an in-house phyton script to transfer mzXML files in to SARAMIS software. 2. Spectra measurement using Axima Confidence to create a reference spectra database for 20 species	Mathis et al., 2015

^†Protein extraction by homogenization: FA, Formic acid; ACN, acetonitrile; TFA, Trifluroacetic acid;

^*Matrix: HCCA, α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid; SA, Sinapinic acid; DHB, 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid; Software and database:

^≠Plus symbol indicates the commercial software in which the database was created and incorporated,

^±BioTyper™—software from Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany.

^¥-SARAMIS™ software (Spectral. ARchive And Microbial Identification System, originally developed by AnagnosTec, Potsdam-Golm, Germany and now acquired and redeveloped as Vitek-MS by bioMérieux, Marcy L'Etoile, France).