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. 2017 Apr 26;7:1201. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01361-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effects of (a) acute or (b) chronic exposure to thiamethoxam (TMX) on forager flight ability. (a) In the acute experiment, we recorded flight duration, distance, mean velocity and maximum velocity before and after treatment; white bars are the control group (), grey bars are the TMX group (); the different letters indicate significant differences (LS Means contrast tests comparing before and after periods; N _{control group, before} = 16, N _{control group, after} = 16, N _{TMX group, before} = 23, N _{TMX group, after} = 23). (b) In the chronic experiment, we grouped the TMX daily doses (N _{TMX daily doses} = 46) in 5 TMX daily dose ranges (0, ≤1.95, ≤2.90, ≤3.71, ≤4.53 ng/bee/day). We pooled data from both days of exposure (1 or 2 days) because there was no significant effect of the number of days of exposure. Different shading reflects different daily dose ranges of TMX and different letters indicate significant differences (Least-Square Means contrast tests; N _control = 94, N _{32.5 ppb} = 44, N _{45 ppb} = 75). In the x-axis, we report the upper value of each bin range of TMX daily doses. Error bars show standard errors.

Inline graphic — The effects of (a) acute or (b) chronic exposure to thiamethoxam (TMX) on forager flight ability. (a) In the acute experiment, we recorded flight duration, distance, mean velocity and maximum velocity before and after treatment; white bars are the control group (), grey bars are the TMX group (); the different letters indicate significant differences (LS Means contrast tests comparing before and after periods; N _{control group, before} = 16, N _{control group, after} = 16, N _{TMX group, before} = 23, N _{TMX group, after} = 23). (b) In the chronic experiment, we grouped the TMX daily doses (N _{TMX daily doses} = 46) in 5 TMX daily dose ranges (0, ≤1.95, ≤2.90, ≤3.71, ≤4.53 ng/bee/day). We pooled data from both days of exposure (1 or 2 days) because there was no significant effect of the number of days of exposure. Different shading reflects different daily dose ranges of TMX and different letters indicate significant differences (Least-Square Means contrast tests; N _control = 94, N _{32.5 ppb} = 44, N _{45 ppb} = 75). In the x-axis, we report the upper value of each bin range of TMX daily doses. Error bars show standard errors.