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. 2017 Apr 27;7:1213. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01313-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Framework of species’ ecological niches across accessible areas in native (yellow) and invaded (red) ranges. Portions of the niche are as follow: (A) native-range environments (purple): species using environments available only in the native range; (B) invaded environments (green): species using environments available only in the invaded range; (C) overlapping environments (dashed line): invaded-range populations using the same environments as in the native range (blue); (D) overlapping environments: species using novel environments in the invaded range (i.e., not used in the native range, even when available; dark orange); (E) Environments not available in either native or invaded ranges (=the unfilled niche). Similar environments available in both, the native and invaded ranges are indicated with a dashed line. Arrow indicates the species’ fundamental niche (A,B,C,D,E). Figure done using GIMP2. GIMP Team, GIMP 2.8.10, www.gimp.org, 1997–2016.