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. 2017 Apr 21;7:1055. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01169-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Targeted deletion of β-arr1 exacerbates DSS induced colitis in mice. (A) Representative photomicrographs of H&E staining in colonic sections of β-arr1 WT and KO mice in the control group and the ulcer section and non-ulcer section of the DSS group (×200, n = 4 per group). (B) TUNEL staining revealed apoptotic induction in intestinal epithelial cells of β-arr1 WT and KO mice (brown, ×200, n = 4 per group). (C) Immunohistochemical staining for PCNA in colonic sections of β-arr1 WT and KO mice in the control group and the ulcer section and non-ulcer section of the DSS group. (brown, ×200, n = 4 per group). (D) The disease activity index of mice treated with or without DSS of WT and β-arr1 KO mice was measured at the indicated time points. *P < 0.01 compared with the WT mice (n = 4 per group). (E) Histological damage in colonic tissues obtained from the mice treated with DSS or without DSS of β-arr1 WT and KO mice was scored after H&E staining. *P < 0.05 compared with the control mice, ^# P < 0.05, β-arr1 WT mice versus KO mice. n = 6 per group. (F) Apoptotic index was measured by quantifying TUNEL signals in 100 random fields per section. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD. n = 6 in each group, *P < 0.05 compared with the control mice, ^# P < 0.05, β-arr1 WT mice versus KO mice. (G) The percentage of PCNA-positive cells is represented graphically. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD. n = 6 in each group, *P < 0.05 compared with the control mice, ^# P < 0.05, β-arr1 WT mice versus KO mice.