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. 2017 Apr 21;7:1069. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00917-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bacterial system for degradation and import of GAGs. GAGs such as hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate are depolymerized to unsaturated disaccharides by extracellular or cell-surface polysaccharide lyases. The resultant unsaturated disaccharides are incorporated to cytoplasm by PTS or periplasmic binding protein-dependent ABC transporter. In the case of PTS, substrates (unsaturated disaccharides) are phosphorylated across the cytoplasmic membrane. Unsaturated disaccharides are degraded to constituent monosaccharides (unsaturated uronate and amino sugar) by UGL, and the resultant unsaturated uronate is metabolized to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P) by subsequent reactions of isomerase, reductase, kinase and aldolase. The pathway and proteins/enzymes are detailed in the text. P enclosed in a yellow hexagon, phosphate group; S enclosed in a cyan hexagon, sulfate group.