Figure 3.

Survival benefit of siGal-1 in combination with chemo- and immunotherapy. Mice were inoculated with 0.5 × 10⁶ GL261 cells which induce a lethal GBM after 15–20 days. Combination strategy with (A) TMZ was organized by siGal-1 administration at day 2, 4, 7 and 11 after tumor inoculation prior to TMZ administration at day 8, 11 and 15, at a dose of 40 mg/kg. For combination with immunotherapy, DC vaccination (B) and PD-1 blocking (C) were included. In (B), mice received monotherapy siGal-1 as described in Fig. 1A (open red squares), prophylactic DC vaccination at day −14 and −7 before tumor inoculation (200 µg lysate/million DCs, IP, black dots), or the combination of DC vaccination and siGal-1 (closed red squares). In (C), mice received anti-PD-1 mAb at day 7 and 12 after tumor inoculation (100 µg/day, IP, black dots) or the combination of PD-1 blocking and siGal-1 (closed red squares). Curves were compared by Log-Rank survival analysis. (n = as indicated, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001). (D) Based on median survival data (from Fig. 3A,B and C), the calculations for antagonistic effect, additive effect and synergistic effect were carried out based on the Robert Clark Equations²⁹; where A = response to treatment 1 (=siGal-1), B = response to treatment 2 (=TMZ, DCvacc or anti-PD-1), AB = combination groups and C = response to no treatment (=control).