Table 2.

Predictors of incident excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and daytime sleepiness (DS) increased over of 5-year follow-up.

Variable	Incidence of EDS						≥4-point increase of DS
	No		Yes		HR [95% CI]	P-value	No		Yes		HR [95% CI]	P-value
	N = 1042		N = 411				N = 1443		N = 658
	n	%	n	%			n	%	n	%
Gender (women)	678	65.07	264	64.23	0.86 [0.78;1.17]	0.67	915	63.41	435	66.11	1.13 [0.96;1.33]	0.14
Age, in years (tertiles)
≤44	340	32.63	145	35.28	1.24 [0.98;1.58]	0.12	488	33.82	219	33.28	1.08 [0.89;1.31]	0.64
[44–58]	331	31.77	145	35.28	1.26 [0.99;1.60]		483	33.47	235	35.71	1.08 [0.90;1.31]
>58	371	35.6	121	29.44	1		472	32.71	204	31	1
High educational level (yes)	373	35.8	136	33.09	0.86 [0.70;1.05]	0.14	517	35.83	214	32.52	0.83 [0.70;0.97]	0.02
Living as a couple (yes)	630	60.46	230	55.96	0.81 [0.67;0.99]	0.04	886	61.44	376	57.14	0.83 [0.72;0.97]	0.02
Smoking status
No smoker	853	81.94	323	78.78	1	0.03	1189	82.51	524	79.76	1	0.16
Current smoker	137	13.16	52	12.68	1.00 [0.74;1.33]		189	13.12	100	15.22	1.23 [0.99;1.53]
Occasional smoker	51	4.9	35	8.54	1.60 [1.13;2.27]		63	4.37	33	5.02	1.06 [0.74;1.50]
Coffee consumption
No	141	13.54	98	23.9	1	0.0003	210	14.57	131	19.94	1	0.15
One-Two cups per day	533	51.2	175	42.68	0.61 [0.47;0.78]		713	49.48	309	47.03	0.84 [0.68;1.03]
Three or more cups per day	367	35.25	137	33.41	0.67 [0.52;0.87]		518	35.95	217	33.03	0.82 [0.66;1.02]
Alcohol consumption
No	801	77.17	327	79.95	1	0.21	1085	75.45	515	78.87	1	0.08
One drink per day	128	12.33	50	12.22	0.87 [0.64;1.17]		185	12.87	83	12.71	0.88 [0.70;1.11]
Two or more drinks per day	109	10.5	32	7.82	0.74 [0.52;1.07]		168	11.68	55	8.42	0.75 [0.57;0.99]
Sleep duration, in hour
≥8	369	35.51	97	23.83	1	<0.0001	462	32.22	170	26.11	1	0.02
[6–8]	565	54.38	250	61.43	1.47 [1.17;1.86]		798	55.65	390	59.91	1.21 [1.01;1.44]
<6	105	10.11	60	14.74	2.05 [1.49;2.83]		174	12.13	91	13.98	1.43 [1.11;1.84]
Naps during the last month
No	513	49.33	133	32.6	1	<0.0001	616	42.78	247	37.71	1	0.32
<1 time/week	291	27.98	133	32.6	1.48 [1.16;1.88]		390	27.08	183	27.94	0.98 [0.81;1.19]
1–2 times/week	149	14.33	81	19.85	1.81 [1.37;2.39]		261	18.13	137	20.92	1.16 [0.94;1.43]
≥3 times/week	87	8.37	61	14.95	2.38 [1.76;3.22]		173	12.01	88	13.44	1.15 [0.90;1.47]
Hypnotics intake during the last month (yes)	63	6.05	38	9.31	1.24 [0.88;1.73]	0.22	86	5.97	53	8.08	1.25 [0.95;1.66]	0.12
Insomnia severity index
<8	683	65.55	198	48.41	1	<0.0001	876	60.71	332	50.69	1	<0.0001
8–14	255	24.47	144	35.21	1.83 [1.48;2.27]		404	28	220	33.59	1.37 [1.15;1.62]
15–21	98	9.4	56	13.69	1.86 [1.38;2.50]		150	10.4	84	12.82	1.40 [1.10;1.78]
≥22	6	0.58	11	2.69	3.45 [1.88;6.33]		13	0.9	19	2.9	3.17 [2.00;5.04]
Insomnia diagnosis (yes)	142	13.75	48	11.82	1.16 [0.88;1.57]	0.34	187	13.1	94	14.46	1.39 [1.12;1.73]	0.003
Sleep apnea diagnosis (yes)	45	4.36	20	4.94	1.48 [0.95;2.32]	0.09	83	5.81	37	5.71	1.24 [0.89;1.72]	0.21
Restless legs syndrome (yes)	48	4.66	22	5.43	1.64 [1.07;2.53]	0.02	82	5.75	32	4.94	1.19 [0.83;1.70]	0.34
General fatigue
≤9	585	56.3	145	35.37	1	<0.0001	720	50.07	252	38.36	1	<0.0001
10–12	239	23	143	34.88	2.08 [1.65;2.62]		367	25.52	212	32.27	1.47 [1.23;1.77]
>12	215	20.69	122	29.76	2.10 [1.65;2.67]		351	24.41	193	29.38	1.46 [1.21;1.77]
Beck Depression Inventory score
≤13	929	89.16	320	78.43	1	<0.0001	1243	86.2	505	77.22	1	<0.0001
14–19	67	6.43	42	10.29	1.77 [1.29;2.45]		106	7.35	69	10.55	1.46 [1.13;1.88]
20–28	33	3.17	30	7.35	2.23 [1.53;3.24]		72	4.99	51	7.8	1.97 [1.48;2.63]
29–63	13	1.25	16	3.92	2.57 [1.55;4.24]		21	1.46	29	4.43	2.29 [1.58;3.34]
Spielberger’s State Anxiety
<46	358	34.36	172	42.16	1	0.01	524	36.36	255	38.93	1	0.5
46–49	302	28.98	113	27.7	0.80 [0.63;1.01]		416	28.87	175	26.72	0.90 [0.74;1.09]
≥50	382	36.66	123	30.15	0.71 [0.56;0.89]		501	34.77	225	34.35	0.92 [0.77;1.11]
Spielberger’s Trait Anxiety
<45	473	45.44	184	44.99	1	0.52	659	45.8	294	44.82	1	0.68
45–47	261	25.07	86	21.03	0.92 [0.71;1.19]		345	23.97	139	21.19	0.95 [0.77;1.16]
≥48	307	29.49	139	33.99	1.08 [0.86;1.34]		435	30.23	223	33.99	1.04 [0.87;1.24]
Physical activity
≥4 times per week	344	33.08	117	28.47	1	0.03	464	32.22	189	28.72	1	0.04
[1–3] times per week	471	45.29	192	46.72	1.27 [1.01;1.59]		657	45.63	304	46.2	1.18 [0.99;1.42]
Less than 1 per week/never	225	21.63	102	24.82	1.42 [1.09;1.85]		319	22.15	165	25.08	1.30 [1.06;1.61]
Body Mass index, in kg/m2
<25	479	45.97	173	42.3	1	0.2	626	43.41	267	40.7	1	0.002
[25–30]	366	35.12	145	35.45	1.12 [0.89;1.39]		544	37.73	220	33.54	1.02 [0.85;1.22]
≥30	197	18.91	91	22.25	1.26 [0.98;1.62]		272	18.86	169	25.76	1.38 [1.14;1.67]
Change of BMI classes (1)
Loss of BMI class	74	7.32	30	7.67	1.25 [0.86;1.82]	0.26	98	6.82	44	6.91	1.07 [0.78;1.45]	0.76
No change	864	85.46	324	82.86	1		1234	85.87	539	84.62	1
Gain of BMI class	73	7.22	37	9.46	1.25 [0.89;1.75]		105	7.31	54	8.48	1.10 [0.83;1.46]
Chronic pain (yes)	229	21.98	126	30.66	1.67 [1.36;2.06]	<0.0001	338	23.42	188	28.57	1.27 [1.07;1.50]	0.006
Cardio-vascular disease (yes)	98	9.51	39	9.68	1.39 [1.00;1.93]	0.05	129	9.01	68	10.56	1.44 [1.12;1.85]	0.005
Hypertension (yes)	278	27.2	97	24.43	1.07 [0.85;1.35]	0.55	381	26.89	179	28.14	1.19 [1.00;1.42]	0.05
Endocrine and metabolic disease (yes)	243	23.52	97	23.95	1.37 [1.09;1.73]	0.007	346	24.11	164	25.35	1.32 [1.10;1.57]	0.003
Diabetes (yes)	97	9.41	39	9.68	1.39 [1.00;1.94]	0.05	131	9.15	66	10.26	1.41 [1.09;1.82]	0.008
Neurological disease (yes)	126	12.21	70	17.33	1.84 [1.43;2.39]	<0.0001	208	14.53	115	17.86	1.54 [1.26;1.88]	<0.0001
Other diseases (yes)	462	44.34	205	49.88	1.37 [1.13;1.66]	0.002	657	45.53	328	49.85	1.33 [1.14;1.55]	0.0003

⁽¹⁾Change between the two last evaluations before the 4-point increase.