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. 2017 May 2;7:1337. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01418-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Structural equation modeling. The total effects of Total Nitrogen (TN) and Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) were positive over phosphatase (Pasa). The effect of thermal amplitude (AMP) was negative, and Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) did not contribute significantly due to the opposite signals of its direct and indirect effects. Black arrows and bars represent positive effects, and red arrows and bars represent negative interactions. The width of the arrows is proportional to the amount of the variance explained and P-values are in brackets. R ² for endogenous variables are TC = 0.18, Acid phosphatase = 0.5, TN = 0.28.