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. 2017 May 3;7:1397. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01603-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PDX stimulates fatty acid oxidation-associated gene expression. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of CPT1, ACO, FABP3 mRNA expression in (A) AMPK (20 nM) or (B) PPARα siRNA (20 nM)-transfected C2C12 cells treated with PDX (1 μM) for 24 hr. (C) Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of CPT1, ACO, FABP3 mRNA expression in HFD-fed mice treated with PDX. (D) Intracellular acetyl-CoA and (E) ATP levels in soleus skeletal muscle of HFD-fed mice treated with PDX (1 μg/mouse/day) for 8 weeks (five animals per treatment group). Means ± SEM were obtained from three separated experiments or five animals. ^*** P < 0.001 and ^** P < 0.01 when compared to the control or the ND treatment. ^!!! P < 0.001, ^!! P < 0.01, and ^! P < 0.05 when compared to the PDX or the HFD treatment.