Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with gout and controls, separately for the full sample and the sample that could be linked to death certificate data from the Office of National Statistics (ONS)a.
| Characteristics | Full Cohort | Cohort linked with ONS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gout patients n = 131,565 | Controls n = 252,763 | Gout patients n = 69,987 | Controls n = 134,549 | |
| Mean follow-up time, years (SD) | 6.7 (5.1) | 6.7 (5.1) | 7.3 (4.9) | 7.2 (5.0) |
| Number of men | 97,179 (73.9) | 186,021 (73.6) | 52,024 (74.3) | 99,612 (74.0) |
| Age | ||||
| Mean age at index date, years (SD) | 64 (13.5) | 64 (13.5) | 64 (13.5) | 64 (13.5) |
| 40–49 years | 23,304 (17.7) | 46,032 (18.2) | 12,474 (17.8) | 24,607 (18.3) |
| 50–59 years | 27,968 (21.3) | 54,730 (21.7) | 14,967 (21.4) | 29,380 (21.8) |
| 60–69 years | 31,262 (23.8) | 59,875 (23.7) | 16,614 (23.7) | 31,896 (23.7) |
| 70 + years | 49,031 (37.3) | 92,126 (36.4) | 25,932 (37.1) | 48,666 (36.2) |
| BMI | ||||
| Mean BMI at index date, kg/m2 (SD) | 29 (5.2) | 27 (4.8) | 29 (5.2) | 27 (4.8) |
| <20.0 kg/m2 | 1,756 (1.3) | 7,461 (3.0) | 954 (1.4) | 4,030 (3.0) |
| 20.0–24.9 kg/m2 | 21,146 (16.1) | 63,823 (25.3) | 11,624 (16.6) | 35,430 (26.3) |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 46,675 (35.5) | 80,677 (31.9) | 25,449 (36.4) | 43,679 (32.5) |
| 30.0–34.9 kg/m2 | 25,308 (19.2) | 30,167 (11.9) | 13,510 (19.3) | 15,747 (11.7) |
| ≥35.0 kg/m2 | 12,107 (9.2) | 10,909 (4.3) | 6,143 (8.8) | 5,609 (4.2) |
| Missing | 24,573 (18.7) | 59,726 (23.6) | 12,307 (17.6) | 30,054 (22.3) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 62,964 (47.9) | 118,635 (46.9) | 33,274 (47.5) | 63,441 (47.2) |
| Current | 26,517 (20.2) | 60,059 (23.8) | 14,715 (21.0) | 32,704 (24.3) |
| Ex | 38,941 (29.6) | 60,101 (23.8) | 20,961 (29.9) | 32,625 (24.2) |
| Missing | 3,143 (2.4) | 13,968 (5.5) | 1,037 (1.5) | 5,779 (4.3) |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| No | 18,772 (14.3) | 40,138 (15.9) | 9,473 (13.5) | 20,179 (15.0) |
| Yes | 101,993 (77.5) | 178,735 (70.7) | 55,652 (79.5) | 98,483 (73.2) |
| Missing | 10,800 (8.2) | 33,890 (13.4) | 4,862 (6.9) | 15,887 (11.8) |
| eGFR most recent within previous year | ||||
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 (SD) | 73 (22.7) | 81 (22.0) | 73 (22.7) | 81 (22.0) |
| >90 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 14,769 (11.2) | 34,509 (13.7) | 7,456 (10.7) | 17,412 (12.9) |
| 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 38,052 (28.9) | 63,485 (25.1) | 21,267 (30.4) | 35,780 (26.6) |
| 30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 19,251 (14.6) | 16,428 (6.5) | 10,771 (15.4) | 9,306 (6.9) |
| 15–29 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 1,609 (1.2) | 878 (0.3) | 889 (1.3) | 499 (0.4) |
| <15 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 183 (0.1) | 186 (0.1) | 106 (0.2) | 106 (0.1) |
| Missing | 57,701 (43.9) | 137,277 (54.3) | 29,498 (42.1) | 71,446 (53.1) |
| History of comorbidities | ||||
| Pneumonia | 3,280 (2.5) | 4,801 (1.9) | 1,735 (2.5) | 2,653 (2.0) |
| UTI | 13,010 (9.9) | 21,979 (8.7) | 6,828 (9.8) | 11,599 (8.6) |
| HIV | 70 (0.1) | 156 (0.1) | 18 (0.0) | 59 (0.0) |
| Lung cancer | 207 (0.2) | 460 (0.2) | 103 (0.1) | 224 (0.2) |
| Malignanciesb | 14,363 (10.9) | 25,684 (10.2) | 7,729 (11.0) | 13,706 (10.2) |
| Asthma/COPD | 18,829 (14.3) | 29,940 (11.8) | 9,903 (14.1) | 15,852 (11.8) |
| Sinusitis | 14,754 (11.2) | 26,043 (10.3) | 7,920 (11.3) | 14,181 (10.5) |
| Diabetes | 11,151 (8.5) | 16,952 (6.7) | 5,872 (8.4) | 8,731 (6.5) |
| Dementia | 985 (0.7) | 3,071 (1.2) | 448 (0.6) | 1,472 (1.1) |
| Epilepsy | 2,143 (1.6) | 4,523 (1.8) | 1,091 (1.6) | 2,333 (1.7) |
| Dysphagia | 2,371 (1.8) | 4,169 (1.6) | 1,248 (1.8) | 2,259 (1.7) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 19,492 (14.8) | 24,177 (9.6) | 10,132 (14.5) | 12,651 (9.4) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 11,544 (8.8) | 10,972 (4.3) | 6,016 (8.6) | 5,848 (4.3) |
| Stroke | 7,681 (5.8) | 11,457 (4.5) | 3,888 (5.6) | 5,908 (4.4) |
| Drug use within six months before | ||||
| Bronchodilators | 14,423 (11.0) | 21,495 (8.5) | 7,426 (10.6) | 11,128 (8.3) |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 7,052 (5.4) | 10,902 (4.3) | 3,811 (5.4) | 5,989 (4.5) |
| Antipsychotics | 1,252 (1.0) | 3,602 (1.4) | 630 (0.9) | 1,878 (1.4) |
| Anticonvulsants | 2,785 (2.1) | 5,671 (2.2) | 1,367 (2.0) | 2,894 (2.2) |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 5,538 (4.2) | 7,915 (3.1) | 2,908 (4.2) | 4,177 (3.1) |
| Immunosuppressants | 835 (0.6) | 1,549 (0.6) | 465 (0.7) | 798 (0.6) |
| Influenza vaccination (1 year before) | 48,379 (36.8) | 80,038 (31.7) | 28,345 (40.5) | 48,188 (35.8) |
| Pneumococcal vaccination (5 years before) | 23,174 (17.6) | 38,350 (15.2) | 12,846 (18.4) | 21,805 (16.2) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; ONS, the Office of National Statistics; BMI, Body mass index; eGFR, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
a) Data represent the number (%) of patients, unless stated otherwise.
b) Excluding non-melanoma skin cancer.