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. 2017 May 3;7:1387. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01428-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In smokers under placebo medication, tDCS- and PAS-induced plasticity is abolished. Furthermore, PAS also induced no excitability alterations under 0.3 mg varenicline. High dose varenicline restituted both tDCS and PAS-induced after-effects, while 0.3 mg varenicline only restored tDCS-induced plasticity. Each column represents the mean of baseline-normalized MEP ± S.E.M. amplitudes until 30 minutes after stimulation; Asterisks indicate significant differences between drug and placebo conditions (Student’s t-test, two tailed, paired samples, p < 0.05).