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. 2017 May 3;7:1387. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01428-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Impact of varenicline on PAS-induced neuroplasticity. Shown are baseline-normalized MEP amplitudes after plasticity induction by PAS25 (A) and PAS10 (B) under 0.3 mg, 1.0 mg varenicline or placebo medication conditions up to the evening of the post-stimulation day. Both, PAS25 and PAS10 induce no changes of MEP amplitudes in smokers under placebo or 0.3 mg varenicline conditions. (A) Cortical excitability was significantly enhanced for up to 30 minutes under high dose varenicline after PAS25 administration. (B) High dose varenicline restored inhibitory plasticity after PAS10. Error bars indicate S.E.M. Filled symbols indicate significant differences of post-stimulation MEP amplitudes from respective baseline values; floating symbols indicate significant differences between the respective drug and placebo medication conditions at the same time points (Student’s t-test, two tailed, paired samples, p < 0.05).