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. 2017 May 3;7:1441. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01451-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Greenland Summit temperature and its proxies over the Holocene. (a) Reconstructed temperature from argon and nitrogen isotopes with 2σ error bands. (b) Melt-layer frequency (times per years) in 100 and 500-year RMs with light blue and blue lines, respectively. Note that the data before 9000 B.P. has low confidence²⁰. (c) δ¹⁸O_ice and a calibrated temperature scale in 20-year RMs with 2σ error bands from GISP2¹⁴, GRIP, and NGRIP¹⁵ (Methods) (d) GRIP borehole temperature inversion⁴². Blue shades are Greenland cold episodes. E.H.T.R. = Early Holocene Temperature Rise, M.H.C. = Mid-Holocene Cooling, M.H.O. = Mid-Holocene Optimum, B.A.C.E. = Bronze Age Cold Epoch, B.A.O. = Bronze Age Optimum, I.A.C.E. = Iron Age Cold Epoch, I.A.O. = Iron Age Optimum, M.C.A. = Medieval Climate Anomaly. The names are given according to the Greenland temperature changes or common usages if available.