. 2017 May 8;7:1583. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01719-y

Table 1.

Baseline for the study subjects.

Items	L Group	M Group	H Group
N (Male/Female)	55 (37/18)	90 (56/34)	50 (36/14)
Age (Yrs)	54.09 ± 9.73	50.68 ± 9.98^a*	48.40 ± 9.08^a**
BMI	25.47 ± 2.91	25.34 ± 2.88	24.19 ± 3.11^a*
HbA1c (%)	7.60 ± 0.32	9.13 ± 0.53	11.55 ± 1.36
Bg 0 (mmol/L)	8.53 ± 1.66	10.09 ± 1.78^a**	12.40 ± 2.24^ab**
Bg 30 (mmol/L)	14.69 ± 2.46	15.59 ± 2.43	18.16 ± 3.41^ab**
Bg 120 (mmol/L)	18.47 ± 3.43	21.50 ± 3.75^a*	24.51 ± 4.58^ab*
Cp 0 (pmol/L)	2.58 ± 0.90	2.42 ± 0.82	1.81 ± 0.58^ab*
Cp 30 (pmol/L)	4.40 ± 2.15	3.54 ± 1.59^a*	2.50 ± 1.11^ab*
Cp 120 (pmol/L)	8.10 ± 2.51	5.74 ± 2.02^a*	3.72 ± 1.52^ab*
Ins 0 (mU/L)	8.97 ± 4.85	8.06 ± 4.75^a*	4.84 ± 2.26^ab*
Ins 30 (mU/L)	24.07 ± 17.25	18.04 ± 15.69	8.44 ± 4.87^ab*
Ins 120 (mU/L)	48.50 ± 26.40	28.03 ± 17.63^a*	14.72 ± 10.08^ab*
HOMA-IR	3.42 ± 1.87	3.69 ± 2.35	2.58 ± 1.15^ab*
Matsuda Index	85.04 ± 75.47	94.63 ± 71.63	125.88 ± 59.67^ab*
HOMA-B	37.81 ± 23.88	25.46 ± 15.90^a**	12.01 ± 6.81^ab**

Data are presented as the means ± SD. L group: Lower HbA_1c values group, M group: Moderate HbA_1c values group, H group: higher HbA_1c values group, ^a*compared with the L Group (P < 0.05), ^a**compared with M Group (P < 0.01), ^b*compared with M Group (P < 0.05), ^b**compared with M Group (P < 0.01), Bg 0: blood glucose concentrations before glucose loading, Bg 30: blood glucose concentrations at 30 min after glucose loading, Bg 120: blood glucose concentrations at 120 min after glucose loading, Cp 0: serum C-Peptide concentrations before glucose loading, Cp 30: serum C-Peptide concentrations 30 min after glucose loading, Cp 120: serum C-Peptide concentrations 120 min after glucose loading, Ins 0: serum insulin concentrations before glucose loading, Ins 30: serum insulin concentrations 30 min after glucose loading, Ins 120: serum insulin concentrations 120 min after glucose loading.