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. 2017 May 8;7:1542. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01606-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Uniformity of the illumination field in the low-cost SMLM by using different diffusers. (a,c) Spatial distribution of illumination intensity generated by the flat-top diffuser. (b) The corresponding intensity profile across the blue dotted line in a. The size of the illumination field with a relative intensity larger than 90% is 48 µm. (c) Spatial distribution of illumination intensity generated by the Gaussian diffuser (#47-994, Edmund Optics). (d) The corresponding intensity profile across the blue dotted line in (c). The size of the illumination field with a relative intensity larger than 90% is 27 µm. Note that, the inset shown in the left bottom corner in (a,b) is the original illumination pattern without diffuser.