Table 1.
Descriptive statistics on presurgical sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological variables for group differences by arthroplasty type
| Patient characteristics | THA (n=64) | TKA (n=60) | t/χ2 | p-value | Effect sizea | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age (years) | 63.3 (8.15) | 67.2 (7.30) | −2.860 | 0.005 | 0.514 | [0.184–0.864] |
| Sex (women) | 38 (59.4%) | 45 (75.0%) | 3.416 | 0.065 | 0.166 | [−0.340–0.027] |
| Marital status (married) | 50 (78.1%) | 41 (68.3%) | 1.520 | 0.218 | 0.111 | [−0.082–0.290] |
| Residence (rural setting) | 44 (68.8%) | 36 (60.0%) | 1.309 | 0.253 | 0.103 | [−0.089–0.287] |
| Professional status (retired) | 47 (73.4%) | 46 (76.7%) | 0.071 | 0.790 | 0.024 | [−0.209–0.166] |
| Clinical – general indicators | ||||||
| Disease onset (months) | 78.8 (69.9) | 143.2 (138.3) | −3.227 | 0.002 | 0.587 | [0.247–0.943] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 (4.41) | 30.3 (5.21) | −1.452 | 0.149 | 0.268 | [0.000–0.615] |
| Previous surgeries (yes) | 52 (82.5%) | 53 (88.3%) | 0.826 | 0.364 | 0.082 | [−0.113–0.247] |
| Comorbidities totalb | 1.95 (1.28) | 2.38 (1.12) | −1.949 | 0.054 | 0.353 | [0.000–0.703] |
| Clinical presurgical pain indicators | ||||||
| NRSc (BPI): Intensity | 7.13 (2.21) | 6.90 (1.87) | 0.609 | 0.544 | 0.109 | [−0.243–0.462] |
| BPI:d Pain Total Interference | 28.3 (12.5) | 27.7 (12.2) | 0.283 | 0.778 | 0.051 | [−0.302–0.403] |
| Other chronic pain statese (yes) | 37 (57.8%) | 44 (75.9%) | 4.443 | 0.035 | 0.191 | [−0.004–0.363] |
| Pain in other joints (yes) | 18 (21.1%) | 29 (50.0%) | 6.148 | 0.013 | 0.224 | [0.030–0.402] |
| Back pain (yes) | 28 (43.8%) | 32 (55.2%) | 1.588 | 0.208 | 0.114 | [−0.300–0.079] |
| Psychological measures | ||||||
| HADS: Anxiety | 5.11 (4.02) | 5.95 (4.19) | −1.140 | 0.256 | 0.205 | [0.000–0.547] |
| HADS: Depression | 2.31 (3.02) | 2.45 (3.27) | −0.243 | 0.808 | 0.044 | [0.000–0.286] |
| IPQ-R: Timeline acute/chronic | 8.09 (2.67) | 8.73 (2.98) | −1.260 | 0.210 | 0.226 | [0.000–0.570] |
| IPQ-R: Personal control | 6.25 (1.98) | 7.18 (2.51) | −2.288 | 0.024 | 0.411 | [0.078–0.760] |
| IPQ-R: Treatment control | 11.9 (1.17) | 12.0 (1.10) | −0.372 | 0.711 | 0.067 | [0.000–0.401] |
| IPQ-R: Illness coherence | 8.06 (3.34) | 6.80 (2.54) | 2.378 | 0.019 | 0.427 | [0.073–0.781] |
| IPQ-R: Emotional representation | 9.34 (3.30) | 9.80 (3.31) | −0.768 | 0.444 | 0.138 | [0.000–0.477] |
| LOT-R: Optimism | 8.58 (2.51) | 7.23 (3.54) | 2.428 | 0.017 | 0.436 | [0.082–0.790] |
| CSQ-R: Pain catastrophizing | 11.2 (6.12) | 12.2 (6.95) | −0.86 | 0.389 | 0.152 | [0.000–0.495] |
| SFQ: Surgical fear | 11.6 (14.9) | 12.8 (15.2) | −0.455 | 0.650 | 0.082 | [0.000–0.420] |
| Postsurgical variables | ||||||
| NRSc (BPI): Pain intensity | 6.07 (2.58) | 7.21 (2.21) | 8.490 | 0.004 | 0.527 | [0.196–0.878] |
| Frequency:f Constant | 28 (43.8%) | 34 (56.7%) | 2.067 | 0.151 | 0.129 | [−0.063–0.312] |
| Rescue analgesics (yes) | 20 (31.3%) | 30 (50.0%) | 4.524 | 0.033 | 0.191 | [−0.001–0.370] |
| Analgesia perineural (yes)g | 12 (18.8%) | 25 (41.7%) | 7.768 | 0.005 | 0.250 | [0.057–0.415] |
Notes: Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation); categorical variables are presented as n (%); 95% CI;
Cohen’s d for continuous variables and Pearson’s phi (φ) coefficient for nominal variables;
comorbidities total = number of comorbid health conditions;
NRS, 0–10 from BP;
Pain Total Interference Scale, 0–70 from BPI;
other previous chronic pain states not related to the cause of surgery, but nonetheless frequent;
frequency of pain = constant vs intermittent or brief;
analgesia perineural vs intravenous or epidural analgesia.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; IPQ-R, Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised; LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised; CSQ-R, Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Revised; SFQ, Surgical Fear Questionnaire; THA, total hip arthroplasty; TKA, total knee arthroplasty.