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. 2017 May 11;7:1759. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01956-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cancer cell identification from cocultured normal cells by pH imaging and detection, and sub-cellular pH detection. (a) A bright-field optical microscope image of the cocultured HL7702 and 4T1 cells treated with bromothymol blue. Four intact single cells (with corresponding spectrum acquisition area marked by a dotted white square) were randomly selected for single-cell pH detection. Scale bar: 20 μm. (b) Corresponding normalized bright-field microscope-based single-cell absorption spectra of the four selected cells as denoted in (a). (c) A bright-field optical microscope image of 1L929 cells treated with bromothymol blue. A single L929 cell marked by two dotted white squares (in different parts of the cell) was selected for sub-cellular pH detection. Scale bar: 10 μm. (d) Corresponding normalized sub-cellular absorption spectra of the L929 cell taken from the two different parts of the cell as denoted in (c).