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. 2017 May 10;7:1698. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01730-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Glycation hampers adipose tissue pathways of adaptation to hypoxia, angiogenesis and expandability ratio. Serum leptin levels were assessed by ELISA (A). Adipocyte area was evaluated through the number of adipocytes counted in each field (10 fields/rat) (B). The levels of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha, CD31 (C), VEGF, Ang-2 (D), CD11c, CD206 (E) ANGPTL4 and AT1 (F) were determined by WB. The VEGF/Ang-2 ratio was calculated. The adipose tissue angiogenesis assay was used to evaluate the effects of glycation in adipose tissue angiogenesis. MG concentrations higher than 100 μM decreased vascularization area, while lower concentrations decreased sprout length (G). Glyoxalase-1 inhibitor BBGC reduced vascularization area and sprout length, an effect which was further increased in combination with MG exposure (H). Representative images of all conditions are shown in (I). Ct - Wistar 12 m; MG - Wistar + MG supplementation; HFD - HF diet-fed Wistar; HFDMG - HF diet-fed Wistar + MG supplementation; GK - Goto-Kakizaki 12 m. Bars represent means ± SEM, n = 6–8. * vs Ct; ^# vs MG; ^$ vs HFD; ^& vs HFDMG; 1 symbol p < 0.05; 2 symbols p < 0.01; 3 symbols p < 0.001.