Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Intervention | Drug treatments used across groups | No. of patients | Male patients (No, %) | Age (years) | Duration of diabetes (years) | FPG (mg/dl | HbA1c (%) | Type of kidney impairment | Follow-up (week) | Follow-up rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Randomized controlled trials | |||||||||||
| Abe19 | I: pioglitazone | voglibose | 16 | 9 (56.3) | 70.1 (20.4) | NR | 193 (91.2) | 7.05 (0.6) | ESRD (hemodialysis) | 12 | 100% |
| C: no additional drugs | 15 | 9 (60) | 65.6 (10.8) | NR | 178.1 (49.2) | 7.29 (1.2) | |||||
| Abe20 | I: pioglitazone | oral antidiabetic agents | 20 | 12 (60) | 71.1 (31.8) | NR | 189.2 (100.2) | 6.94 (0.7) | ESRD (hemodialysis) | 24 | 100% |
| C: no additional drugs | 20 | 12 (60) | 68.8 (25.9) | NR | 180.1 (74.7) | 7.11 (1.4) | |||||
| Abe16 | I: pioglitazone | oral antidiabetic agents | 31 | 21 (67.7) | 65.2 (12.1) | 16.6 (5.5) | 139 (45) | 7.4 (0.5) | ESRD (hemodialysis) | 96 | 96.80% |
| C: no additional drugs | 32 | 22 (68.8) | 67.2 (9.4) | 16.3 (5.5) | 138 (40) | 7.4 (0.5) | |||||
| Agarwal17 | I: pioglitazone | other oral antidiabetic agents or insulin | 22 | 22 (100) | 67 (8.5) | 15.9 (8.0) | 147 (58) | 7.7 (2.2) | non-ESRD (urine protein/creatinine ratio of >1.0 g/g) | 16 | 90.10% |
| C:glipizide | 22 | 22 (100) | 64.1 (8.4) | 14.3 (9.8) | 155 (79) | 7.7 (2.5) | |||||
| Agrawal21 | I: rosiglitazone | sulfonylureas | 145 | 75 (51.7) | 65.8 (7.0) | 10.2 (7.0) | 201.6 (48.6) | 9.2 (1.3) | non-ESRD (mild to moderate RI) | 24 | 96.00% |
| C:placebo | 156 | 85 (54.5) | 67.0 (7.0) | 11.6 (8.0) | 205.2 (48.6) | 9.0 (1.4) | |||||
| Arashnia22 | I: pioglitazone | insulin | 29 | 20 (69.0%) | 44.4 (14.2) | NR | 137.4 (28.8) | NR | ESRD (renal transplantation) | 16 | 100% |
| C:placebo | 29 | 18 (62.1%) | 43.4 (13.7) | NR | 141.7 (67.6) | NR | |||||
| Banerji23 | I: TZDs | metformin | 231 | 119 (51.5) | 61.1 (8.3) | 5.8 (4.8) | 162.1 (34.2) | 7.8 (0.7) | no-ESRD (mild RI) | 12 | 91.40% |
| C:vildagliptin | 464 | 241 (51.9) | 61.3 (8.5) | 5.5 (5.4) | 163.8 (39.6) | 7.8 (0.8) | |||||
| Chan24 | I: rosiglitazone | previous antidiabetic medication | 35 | 24 (68.6) | 62 (10) | NR | 97.2 (21.6) | NR | non-ESRD (CKD Stages 3–4) | 8 | 98.60% |
| C:placebo | 35 | 26 (74.3) | 62 (10) | NR | 99 (21.6) | NR | |||||
| Galle25 | I: pioglitazone | insulin | 20 | 14 (70) | 68.9 (6.8) | 13.8 (9.8) | 152.5 (45.0) | 7.4 (0.9) | ESRD (hemodialysis) | 24 | 66.70% |
| C:placebo | 19 | 13 (68.4) | 69.6 (9.4) | 12.4 (8.2) | 156.6 (43.6) | 7.7 (0.9) | |||||
| Jin26 | I: pioglitazone | insulin | 30 | 16 (53.3) | 52.8 (12.3) | NR | NR | NR | non-ESRD (CKD Stages 3–4) | 52 | 100% |
| C: no additional drugs | 30 | 16 (53.3) | 51.1 (11.2) | NR | NR | NR | |||||
| Katavetin27 | I: pioglitazone | other oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin | 24 | 6 (25) | 61.4 (10.3) | 13.6 (6.9) | 137.3 (114.7–164.4) | 8.6 (2) | non-ESRD (Proteinuria > 500 mg/day) | 12 | NR |
| C:placebo | 16 | 8 (50) | 62.3 (10.4) | 13.8 (7.2) | 135.7 (115.3–159.7) | 8.3 (2) | |||||
| Morikawa28 | I: pioglitazone | other oral antidiabetic agents or insulin | 36 | 27 (75.0) | 62.5 (10.2) | 9.5 (1) | NR | 7.9 (1.2) | non-ESRD (UACR 30–300 mg/g Cr) | 52 | 90% |
| C:metformin | 32 | 22 (67.7) | 62.4 (8.4) | 11.6 (13) | NR | 8 (1.1) | |||||
| Nakamura32 | I: pioglitazone | none | 15 | 7 (46.7) | 60 (13) | 16 (4) | NR | NR | non-ESRD (UAE 20–200 ug/ml) | 12 | NR |
| C:glbenclamide | 15 | 8 (53.3) | 61 (10) | 14 (4) | NR | NR | |||||
| Nakamura31 | I: pioglitazone | diet and/or glibenclamide | 14 | 18* | 52.5 (10.2)* | NR | 186 (24) | 8.4 (1.3) | non-ESRD (UAE 20–200 ug/ml) | 24 | NR |
| C:placebo | 14 | NR | 176 (22) | 8.0 (1.0) | |||||||
| Nakamura29 | I: pioglitazone | none | 15 | 9 (60) | 56.5 (12.0) | 17.5 (4.5) | NR | 7.9 (1.3) | non-ESRD (UAE 20–200 ug/ml) | 52 | 100% |
| C:glibenclamide | 15 | 8 (53.3) | 55.0 (11.5) | 17.0 (4.8) | NR | 7.8 (1.4) | |||||
| Nakamura30 | I: pioglitazone | none | 17 | 9 (52.9) | 56.0 (13.0) | 16.0 (5.0) | NR | 8.0 (1.4) | non-ESRD (UAE 20–200 ug/ml) | 52 | 100% |
| C:glibenclamide | 18 | 10 (55.6) | 53.5 (12.0) | 16.5 (5.5) | NR | 7.8 (1.3) | |||||
| Pistrosch33 | I: rosiglitazone | previous antidiabetic medication | 14 | 12 (85.7) | 65.4 (9.6) | NR | 169.2 (57.6) | 7.0 (3) | non-ESRD (GFR < 60 ml/min) | 52 | NR |
| C:placebo | 14 | 12 (85.7) | 66.5 (8.5) | NR | 142.2 (52.2) | 7.3 (3) | |||||
| Wong34 | I: rosiglitazone | insulin | 26 | NR | 62.9 (7.3) | NR | NR | 7.3 (1.3) | ESRD (peritoneal dialysis) | 24 | 98.10% |
| C: no additional drugs | 26 | NR | 61.6 (9.7) | NR | NR | 7.2 (1.3) | |||||
| Yanagawa35 | I: pioglitazone | none | 19 | 13 (68.4) | 54.0 (10.3) | 6.7 (5.2) | 186.0 (30.0) | 8.3 (0.7) | non-ESRD (UACR 30–300 mg/g) | 12 | 100% |
| C:gliclazide | 21 | 15 (71.4) | 54.0 (11.1) | 6.0 (4.8) | 167.0 (31.0) | 8.3 (0.9) | |||||
| Cohort studies | |||||||||||
| Brunelli14 | I: TZDs | antidiabetic medication | 353 | 187 (53.0) | 64.4 (11.8) | NR | NR | NR | ESRD (hemodialysis) | 39 | NR |
| C: no additional drugs | 2832 | 1499 (52.9 | 64.0 (13.3) | NR | NR | NR | |||||
| Chen36 | I: TZDs | oral antidiabetic agents or insulin | 1224 | 596 (48.7) | 65.1 (10.5) | 6.4 (2.5) | NR | NR | ESRD (GFR < 15 mL/min) | 24 | NR |
| C: no additional drugs | 11126 | 5527 (49.7) | 66.1 (11.6) | 6.0 (3.2) | NR | NR | |||||
| Ramirez15 | I: rosiglitazone | oral antidiabetic agents | 177 | 82 (46.3) | 63.7 (11.7) | NR | 187.3 (99.3) | NR | ESRD (hemodialysis) | 24 | 96.00% |
| C:placebo | 2050 | 1046 (51.0) | 63.5 (12.3) | NR | 171.4 (82.7) | NR | |||||
Abbreviation: FPG = fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c, GFR = glomerular filtration rate, UACR = urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, UAE = urinary albumin excretion, ESRD = end-stage renal disease, NR = not reported.
Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range).
*Characteristics of total patients.