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. 2017 May 10;7:1663. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01868-0

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Endotoxin contamination tests and macrophage endocytosis of GOS. (A) Stereo-image of structure of alginate-derived GOS. (B) RAW264.7 cells were incubated with LPS (1 μg/ml, as a positive control) and GOS (1 mg/ml) in the presence or absence of the LPS inhibitor PMB (0.25 μg/ml) for 24 h. Nitrite levels in the culture medium of treated cells were measured using the Griess assay. (C) RAW264.7 cells were incubated with 1 mg/ml FITC-GOS for 15 min and 24 h and observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (40x). (D) RAW264.7 cells were pre-incubated for 2 h with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 (1 μM), then incubated with 1 mg/ml FITC-GOS for 22 h, and observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (40x). Representative images and results from three independent experiments are shown. Scale bar = 20 μm. NS, no significance. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.