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. 2017 May 15;7:1898. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01721-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Trail ^−/− mice have impaired insulin sensitivity. (a) Insulin tolerance tests (ITT) in 12 w HFD mice (left panel); expressed as area under the curve (right panel; n = 10/genotype) or, (b) ITT at baseline (0 w HFD wildtype and Trail ^−/− mice; n = 3/genotype). (c) Glucose tolerance tests in 12 w HFD mice (left panel; n = 10/genotype) or, (d) at baseline (0 w HFD wildtype and Trail ^−/− mice; n = 3/genotype). (e) Western blotting showing that muscle from insulin-stimulated 12 w HFD Trail ^−/− mice have reduced p-Akt protein expression (3 independent mice/group). Total Akt protein expression is unaltered. (f) GLUT4 staining in muscle from insulin-stimulated (45 min) 0 w HFD Trail ^−/− and wildtype mice (n = 4/genotype) and (g) reduced glucose uptake ex vivo (n = 3–4/genotype). (h) Inflammatory marker expression is increased in muscle tissue of 12 w HFD Trail ^−/− vs. wildtype, but not at (i) baseline (n = 4–5/genotype). mRNA expression was normalized to β-actin. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM; ANOVA or Mann Whitney U test. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.