Table 4.
Laccase treatment of antibiotics.
| Compound | Laccase | Enzyme form | Reaction parameters | Efficiency | Toxicity after treatment | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PENICILLINS | ||||||
| Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, oxacillin | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 10 μg/L antibiotics, 1 mM SA, starting pH 6, 25°C, 0.07 m/s flow, tangential configuration | 54–100% after 24 h | Increased (B. subtilis and V. fischeri) | Becker et al., 2016 |
| SULFONAMIDES | ||||||
| Sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Free | 16–20 mg/L antibiotic, 50–55 U/L laccase, 0.8 mM VA, pH 4.5, 25°C, 135 rpm | 100% after 8 h | NR | Rodriguez-Rodriguez et al., 2012 |
| Sulfadimethoxine, sulfamonomethoxine | Perenniporia strain TFRI 707 | Free | 50 mg/L antibiotic, 6 U/mL, 1 mM ABTS or VA, pH 4.1, 30°C, 8% glycerol | t(1/2) (min): 1.8–4.1 | NR | Weng et al., 2012 |
| Sulfadimethoxine, sulfamonomethoxine | Perenniporia strain TFRI 707 | Free | 50 mg/L antibiotic, 6 U/mL laccase, 8% glycerol; 1 mM ABTS, pH 4, 50–60°C; 1 mM VA, pH 4, 40–60°C; 2 mM SA, pH 6, 50°C | 100% after 30 min with ABTS; 100% after 15 min with VA; >95% after 60 min with SA | Reduced (V. fischeri) with VA and HBA; increased with ABTS and SA | Weng et al., 2013 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | T. versicolor | Free | 1,100 μg/L antibiotic, 1 mM HBT, 25°C, 70 rpm | 41% after 22 h | NR | Yang et al., 2013b |
| Sulfamethoxazole | M. thermophila laccase expressed in A. oryzae (Novozyme) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 830 μg/L d antibiotic, 70–100 μM/min laccase, 5 μM SA, 3 g/L granular activated carbon | 65% | Increased (ToxScreen3 assay with Photobacterium leiognathi), which can be reduced by granular activated carbon addition | Nguyen et al., 2014b |
| Sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole | Echinodontium taxodii | Oriented immobilization on Fe3O4 nanoparticles | 50 mg/L antibiotic, 0.2 U/mL laccase, 1 mM AS, SA or SYA, pH 5 | >95% after 30 min | Reduced (E. coli and S. aureus) | Shi et al., 2014 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Free | 73–93 μM antibiotic, mediator/laccase ratio: 1.1 (ABTS), 1.7 (SA) or 2.4 (AS), pH 6, 25°C, static | 100% | Reduced (algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) | Margot et al., 2015 |
| Sulfamethoxazole, sulfathiazole | T. versicolor | On porous silica beads | 50 mg/L antibiotic, 1 U/mL laccase, 1 mM HBT, pH 5, 40°C, 50 rpm | 76–85% after 1 h | Reduced (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, H. influenza, S. enterica, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae) | Rahmani et al., 2015 |
| Sulfadimethoxine | T. versicolor | Free | Per gram soil: 2 μg antibiotic, 10 U laccase, 8 μmol ABTS or HBT, 1 mg peat; room temperature | >90% after 72 h | NR | Singh R. et al., 2015 |
| Sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, | P. sanguineus | In culture | 25 mg/L antibiotics, 600 U/L laccase, 0.274 g/L ABTS, 28°C | 84% after 6 h | Reduced (E. coli, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis) | Li et al., 2016 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | T. versicolor Lac3 expressed in S. cerevisiae | Surface display | 30 μM antibiotic, 0.25 U/mL laccase, pH 5, 37°C, 250 rpm | 44% after 30 h | NR | Chen et al., 2016 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | Phoma sp. UHH 5-1-03 | Free | 250 μM antibiotic, 3 U/mL laccase, 500 μM SA, pH 5, 22°C, 120 rpm | 87% after 22 h | NR | Hofmann and Schlosser, 2016 |
| Sulfabenzamide, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfanitran, sulfapyridine, sulfisomidine, sulfisoxazole, sulfathiazole, | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 10 μg/L antibiotics, 10 or 1,000 μM SA, starting pH 6, 25°C, 0.07 m/s flow, tangential configuration | 43–97% after 24 h with 10 μM SA; 50–100% after 24 h with 1,000 μM SA | Increased (B. subtilis and V. fischeri) | Becker et al., 2016 |
| Sulfamethoxazole | M. thermophila laccase expressed in A. oryzae (Novozyme) | On granular activated carbon, continuous flow packed-bed reactor | 0.5 mg/L antibiotic, 0.4 g/mL laccase, 28°C, 8.5 BV/h (BV: 17 mL) | 100% for 4,000 BV, 70% after 12,000 BV (60 d) | NR | Nguyen et al., 2016a |
| Sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Free | 10 mg/L antibiotics, 0.5 mg/mL laccase, 0.5 mM SA, pH 6, 25°C, 200 rpm | 73–80% after 15 min; 97–99% after 180 min | NR | Ding et al., 2016 |
| TETRACYCLINES | ||||||
| Chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline | T. versicolor | Free | 100 μM antibiotic, 10 nkat/mL laccase, 0.2 mM HBT, pH 4.5, 30°C, 150 rpm | Chlortetracycline and doxycycline: 100% after 15 min; tetracycline and oxytetracycline: 100% after 1 h | Reduced (E. coli and Bacillus subtilis) | Suda et al., 2012 |
| Tetracycline | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 20 mg/L antibiotic, 0.002 g/L laccase, pH 6, 25°C, batch | 0.34 mg/h for 10 d | NR | de Cazes et al., 2014 |
| Tetracycline | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 20 mg/L antibiotic, 10 g/L laccase, 1.4 μm pore size, 25 cm length, tangential (10 L/h), 25°C, 8 L/h/m2 permeation | >200 mg/h/m2 for 24 h | NR | de Cazes et al., 2015 |
| Tetracycline | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Free | 100 μg/mL antibiotic, 17.5 μg/mL laccase, pH 7, 20°C | 78% after 18 h | Reduced (B. subtilis) | Llorca et al., 2015 |
| Chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 10 μg/L antibiotics, 10 μM SA, starting pH 6, 25°C, 0.07 m/s flow, tangential configuration | 85–98% after 24 h | Increased (B. subtilis and V. fischeri) | Becker et al., 2016 |
| Chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Free | 10 mg/L antibiotics, 0.5 mg/mL laccase, 0.5 mM SA, pH 6, 25°C, 200 rpm | 61–100% after 15 min; 95–100% after 180 min | NR | Ding et al., 2016 |
| Oxytetracycline, tetracycline | Cerrena sp. HYB07 | Magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates | 100 μg/mL antibiotic, 40 U/mL laccase, pH 6, 25°C | 80% after 12 h | Reduced (E. coli and B. licheniformis) | Yang et al., 2017 |
| QUINOLONES | ||||||
| Flumequine | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Free | 90 mg/L antibiotic, 6 U/mL laccase, 1.35 mM ABTS, pH 4, 39°C, 150 rpm | 98% after 2 h | NR | Ashrafi et al., 2015 |
| Ciprofloxacin | A. oryzae | Free | 10 mg/L antibiotic, 0.02% (w/v) laccase, pH 6, 60°C, 200 rpm ultrasound (75 W, 22 kHz, 50% duty cycle), | 51% after 5 h | NR | Sutar and Rathod, 2015 |
| Cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, marbofloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, orbifloxacin, oxolinic acid, pipemidic acid | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 10 μg/L antibiotics, 10 or 1,000 μM SA, starting pH 6, 25°C, 0.07 m/s flow, tangential configuration | 0–84% after 24 h with 10 μM SA; 15–93% after 24 h with 1,000 μM SA | Increased (B. subtilis and V. fischeri) | Becker et al., 2016 |
| Ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Free | Laccase/SA (10 mg/L antibiotics, 0.5 mg/mL laccase, 0.5 mM SA, pH 6, 25°C, 200 rpm) coupled with soil (0.05 g/mL) adsorption | 91–99% after 15 min; 96–100% after 180 min; enoxacin: 74% after 15 min with only laccase and SA | NR | Ding et al., 2016 |
| Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin | Streptomyces ipomoeae SilA expressed in E. coli | Free | 50 mg/L antibiotic, 0.4 U/mL laccase, 0.5 mM AS, pH 8, 35°C | >70% after 4 h; >90% after 24 h | Reduced (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) | Blánquez et al., 2016 |
| DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR | ||||||
| Trimethoprim | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 10 μg/L antibiotic, 1 mM SA, starting pH 6, 25°C, 0.07 m/s flow, tangential configuration | 66.8% after 24 h | Increased (B. subtilis and V. fischeri) | Becker et al., 2016 |
| Trimethoprim | T. versicolor (Fluka) | Magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates | 100 μg/L antibiotic, 1 U/mL laccase, 0.1 mM ABTS, pH 7, 20°C, 125 rpm | 47% after 6 h; 60% after 12 h | NR | Kumar and Cabana, 2016 |
| NITROIMIDAZOLE | ||||||
| Metronidazole | T. versicolor (Sigma-Aldrich) | Enzymatic membrane reactor | 10 μg/L antibiotic, 10 μM SA, starting pH 6, 25°C, 0.07 m/s flow, tangential configuration | 25.9% after 24 h | Increased (B. subtilis and V. fischeri) | Becker et al., 2016 |
Only the best reaction parameters are shown. ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate); AS, acetosyringone; BV, bed volume; HBA, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; HBT, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole; NR, not reported; SA, syringaldehyde; SYA, syringic acid; VA, violuric acid.