Table 1.
Methods for defining and reporting sports injuries in studies of more than one consecutive year/season
| References | Sport | Number of athletes included | Setting, sex (age range) | Country/region | Study duration, years | Primary focus of injury measure | Sports incapacity | Sports injury | Sports trauma | Multiple injury results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dagiau et al. [51] | American football | 54 | College, male (NS) | USA | 2 seasons, 1976 and 1977 | Risk | ||||
| Canale et al. [52] | American football | 265 | College, male (NS) | USA | 5 seasons, 1975–1979 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Zelisko et al. [53] | Basketball | 30 | Elite/professional, male and female (NS, adult) | USA | 2 seasons, NS | Incidence | Y | |||
| Orchard et al. [54] | Australian football | NS | Elite/professional, senior and junior, male (16–35 and 15–18 years) | Australia | 3 seasons, 1992–1994 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Hawkins and Fuller [55] | Association football (soccer) | Total NS (average 138) | Elite/professional, male (NS, adult) | UK | NS, 1994–1997 | Risk | Y | Y | ||
| Powell and Barber-Foss [56] | Mixed (American football, basketball, Association football, volleyball) | 52,439 player-seasonsa | High school, male and female (NS) | USA | 3 seasons, 1995–1997 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | Y | |
| Meeuwisse et al. [57] | Canadian football | 981 | University, male (NS) | Canada | 5 seasons, 1993–1997 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Powell and Barber-Foss [58] | Mixed (basketball, Association football, baseball/softball) | 27,095 player-seasonsa | High school, male and female (NS) | USA | 3 seasons, 1995–1997 | Risk | Y | Y | Y | |
| Starkey [59] | Basketball | 1094 | Elite/professional, male (18–43 years) | USA | 10 seasons, 1998–1997 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Gunnoe et al. [60] | American football | 331 | High school, male (NS, grades 8–12) | USA | 2 seasons, 1995 and 1996 | Risk | Y | Y | Y | |
| Hawkins et al. [61] | Association football | 2376 | Elite/professional, male (17–35+ years) | UK | 2 years, 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Watson [62] | Mixed (Association football, Gaelic football, hurling) | 86 | County [good club level], male (24 years, ±3.7) | Ireland | 2 years, NS | Risk | Y | |||
| Drawer and Fuller [63] | Association football | 138 | Elite/professional, male (NS, adult and youth) | UK | 3 seasons, 1994–1997 | Risk | Y | Y | ||
| Orchard and Seward [64] | Australian football | 2672 player-seasons | Elite/professional, male (NS, adult) | Australia | 4 seasons, 1997–2000 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Gabbett [65] | Rugby league | 156 | Semi-professional, male (NS, U19 to adult) | Australia | 2 seasons, 2000 and 2001 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Meeuwisse et al. [66] | Basketball | 312 | College, male (NS) | Canada | 2 years, NS | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Turbeville et al. [37] | American football | 646 | Middle school, male (10–16 years) | USA | 2 seasons, 1998 and 1999 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | Y | |
| Turbeville et al. [29] | American football | 717 | High school, male (13–19 years) | USA | 2 seasons, 1998 and 1999 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | Y | |
| McManus et al. [67] | Australian football | 535 | Community, male (16–50 years) | Australia | 2 years, 2000–2001 and 2001–2002 | Incidence | Y | Y | Y | |
| Powell and Dompier [68] | Mixed (basketball, American football, Association football, volleyball) | 2,358,197 athletic exposures | College, male and female (NS) | USA | 2 seasons, 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Price et al. [69] | Association football | 4773 | Youth academies, male (9–19 years) | UK | 2 seasons, 1997 and 1998 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Giza et al. [70] | Association football | 202 | Elite/professional, female (NS, adult) | USA | 2 seasons, 2001 and 2002 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Kucera et al. [48] | Association football | 1483 | Elite youth, male and female (9–18 years) | USA | 4 seasons, 1997–2000 | Incidence and risk | Y | |||
| Hägglund et al. [36] | Association football | 197b | Elite/professional, male (17–38 years) | Sweden | 2 seasons, 2001 and 2002 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Le Gall et al. [71] | Association football | 528 | Elite/professional, junior male (U14–U16 yearsc) | France | 10 seasons, August 1993–June 2003 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| McManus et al. [72] | Netball | 368 | Community, female (16–30 years) | Australia | 2 seasons, 1997 and 1998 | Incidence | Y | Y | Y | |
| Merron et al. [73] | Association football | 197 | Elite/professional senior and junior, male (18+ years and 16–18 years) | UK | 4 years, NS | Incidence | Y | |||
| Ortega-Gallo et al. [31] | Association football | 41 | Elite/professional juniors, male (mean 23.4 years, ±3.7) | Argentina | 2 seasons, 2000 and 2001 | More than one injury | Y | Y | Y | |
| Ramirez et al. [25] | American football | 5118 | High school, male (13–18+ years) | USA | 2 seasons, 2001 and 2002 | Incidence | Y | Y | Y | |
| Deehan et al. [30] | Association football | 210 | Elite/professional junior, male (9–18 years) | UK | 5 years, 1999–2004 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Dompier et al. [35] | American football | 779 | Community junior, male (9–14 years) | USA | 2 seasons, 2002 and 2003 | Incidence | Y | Y | Y | |
| Rauh et al. [28] | Mixed (basketball, soccer, volleyball)a | 25,187 player-seasons | High school, females (NS) | USA | 3 years, 1995–1997 | More than one injury | Y | Y | Y | |
| Brooks et al. [74] | Rugby union | 502 | Elite/professional, male (NS, adult) | UK | 2 seasons, 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 | Risk | Y | |||
| Le Gall et al. [27] | Association football | 119 | Elite/professional junior, female (15–19 years) | France | 8 seasons, 1998–2006 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Johnson et al. [75] | Association football | 292 | Elite/professional juniors, male (9–16 years) | UK | 6 years, 2001–2007 | Risk | – | – | – | Y |
| Knowles et al. [76] | American football | 3323 | High school, male (14–19 years) | USA | 3 seasons, 1996–1999 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Drakos et al. [26] | Basketball | 1643 | Elite/professional, male (17– 43 years) | USA | 17 seasons, 1988–1989 to 2004–2005 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Dupont et al. [34] | Association football | 32 | Elite/professional, male (mean 25.6 years, ±3.8) | UK | 2 seasons, 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Dauty and Collon [77] | Association football | 173 | Elite/professional, male (mean 24.1 years, ±4) | France | 15 seasons, 1995–1996 to 2009–2010 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Mallo et al. [39] | Association football | 22 per year | Sub-elite, male (mean 24.8 years, ±3.5) | Spain | 4 seasons, 2003–2004 to 2006–2007 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Mallo and Dellal [78] | Association football | 35 | Elite/professional, male (mean 21.4 years, ±2.4) | Spain | 2 seasons, 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Murphy et al. [79] | Gaelic football | 851 | Elite/professional, male (mean 24.9 years, 18–36 years) | Ireland | 4 seasons, 2007–2010 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Chalmers et al. [80] | Australian football | 382 | Sub-elite U18, male (mean 17.1 years, ±0.8, 14–19 years) | Australia | 2 seasons, 2010 and 2011 | Incidence and risk | Y | |||
| Eirale et al. [81] | Association football | 527 | Elite/professional, male (mean 26.8 years, ±4.9) | Qatar | 3 seasons, 2008–2011 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Ekstrand et al. [82] | Association football | 1743 | Elite/professional, male (NS, adult) | Europe | 11 seasons, 2001–2012 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Grooms et al. [83] | Association football | 41 | College, male (mean 20.1 years, ±2.0, 18–25 years) | USA | 2 seasons, 2009 and 2010 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Hägglund et al. [1] | Association football | 24 teams | Elite/professional, male (NS, adult) | Europe | 11 seasons, 2001–2012 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Malisoux et al. [84] | Mixed (volleyball, basketball, handball, Association football) | 372d | Elite youth, male and female (12–19 years) | Luxembourg | 3 years, 2008–2011 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Peck et al. [85] | Rugby (union and sevens) | 369 | College, military students, male and female(NS) | USA | 5 years, 2006–2007 to 2010–2011 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Tourny et al. [86] | Association football | 412 | Elite youth, sex NS (12–20 years) | France | 3 seasons, 2009–2011 | Incidence and risk | Y | |||
| Barber-Foss et al. [38] | Mixed (basketball, soccer, volleyball) | 268 | Middle school, female (NS) | USA | 3 seasons, 2009–2010 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Barron et al. [87] | American football | 1295 | Community youth team, sex NS, (NS) | USA | 5 years, 2000–2004 and 2005 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Bjørneboe et al. [88] | Association football | 11–14 teams/year | Elite/professional, male (NS, adult) | Norway | 6 years, 2002–2007 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Mohib et al. [89] | Association football | 196 | Elite youth, male and female (13–17 years) | Canada | 4 years, 2008–2012 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| van der Sluis et al. [33]e | Association football | 26 | Elite junior, males (mean 11.9 years, ±0.84) | Netherlands | 3 years, 2002–2007 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Carling et al. [90] | Association football | 59 | Elite/professional, male (NS) | France/international | 5 seasons, 2009–10 to 2013–14 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Carling et al. [24] | Association football | 14 | Elite/professional, male (NS) | France | 6 seasons, 2009–2015 | Risk | Y | Y | ||
| Dompier et al. [91] | Mixed (basketball, soccer, volleyball, American football) | 5,146,355 athlete exposures | High school, male and female (NS) | USA | 3 years 2011–12 to 2013–14 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Ekegren et al. [92] | Australian football | Year 1: 1205 Year 2: 823 |
Community, male (injured, mean 24 years, SD 4, range 18–41 years) | Australia | 2 seasons, 2012 and 2013 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Gastin et al. [93] | Australian football | 69 | Elite/professional, male (mean 22.8 years, ±3.6; range 17–32 years) | Australia | 4 seasons, 2007–2010 | Risk | Y | Y | ||
| Kerr et al. [94] | American football | 3167 | Youth, sex NS (mean 10.7 years, SD 1.9, 5–14.9 years) | USA | 2 seasons, 2012 and 2013 | Risk | Y | Y | ||
| Kristenson et al. [95] | Association football | 2 clubs | Elite/professional, male (NS) | Sweden/Norway | 2 seasons, 2008 and 2009 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Laux et al. [96] | Association football | 22 | Elite/professional, male (mean 25.8 years, ±5) | Germany | 2 seasons, 2009–10 and 2010–11 | Risk | Y | |||
| Lawrence et al. [97] | American football | 984 team games | Elite/professional, male (NS) | USA | 2 years, 2012–13 and 2013–14 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Massidda et al. [98] | Association football | 54 | Elite/professional, male (mean 25.9 years, ±4.3) | Italy | 4 seasons, 2009–2013 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Owen et al. [99] | Association football | 23 | Elite/professional, male (mean 26.8 years, ±4.6, range 18–38) | NS | 2 seasons, NS | Incidence and risk | Y | |||
| Palmer-Green et al. [49] | Rugby union | 472 | Elite junior, males (range 16–18 years) | UK | 2 seasons, 2006–07 and 2007–08 | Incidence | Y | Y | ||
| Pastor et al. [32] | Volleyball | 34 | Professional, male (mean 25.43 years) | Germany | 6 years, 2007–2008 to 2012–13 | Incidence and risk | Y | Y | ||
| Reeser et al. [100] | Volleyball | 637,786 athletic exposures 339,753 athletic exposures | High school and college, female (NS) | USA | 4 years, 2005–2006 to 2008–2009 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Williams et al. [101] | Rugby union | 1462 | Elite/professional, male (NS) | England | 7 seasons, 2006–2007 to 2012–2013 | Incidence | Y | |||
| Hulin et al. [102] | Rugby league | 53 | Elite/professional, male (mean 23.4 years, SD 3.5) | Australia | 2 seasons, NS | Risk | Y |
NS not stated, Y yes, SD standard deviation, U14 = players younger than 14 years, U15 = players younger than 15 years, U16 = players younger than 16 years, U18 = players younger than 18 years, U19 = players younger than 19 years
a Data relating to team ball sports only were extracted
b Participants from both years of the study only
c Age groups not age identified
d Unable to differentiate number of team ball sport participants and other sports
e A 2015 study with the same data was identified and was therefore not included