Table 2.
Summary of studies assessing left ventricular twist mechanics
| Study (year of publication) | Study group (Mitchell classification, training level) | n | Age (years) | Systolic parameters | Diastolic parameters | Overall findings | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brot (°) | Arot (°) | Twist (°) | PUV (°/sec) | UTR (°/sec) | |||||||||
| Brot | Arot | Twist | PUV | UTR | |||||||||
| Santoro et al. (2014) [32] | Control | 17 | 24.5 ± 3 | –8.5 ± 7.4 | 6.3 ± 2.8 | 10.0 ± 3.1 | –103.3 ± 29.3 | – | |||||
| Cyclists (C3, E) | 33 | 24.0 ± 3 | –6.4 ± 2.1 | 4.2 ± 1.9 | 6.2 ± 1.1 | –67.3 ± 22.9 | – | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | – | |
| Weightlifters (A3,C) | 36 | 24.6 ± 5 | –5.8 ± 2.3 | 7.6 ± 5.4 | 12.0 ± 2.1 | –122.5 ± 52.8 | – | ↔ | ↔ | ↑ | ↔ | – | |
| Santoro et al. (2014) [34] | Control | 17 | 40.4 ± 9.2 | –4.3 ± 1.2 | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 10.3 ± 2.4 | –108.4 ± 39.5 | – | |||||
| Water polo players (C2, E) | 45 | 39.2 ± 6.8 | –4.9 ± 1.6 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 8.8 ± 3.6 | –79.9 ± 35.9 | – | ↔ | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ | – | |
| Santoro et al. (2015) [33] | Control | 95 | 32.0 ± 6.0 | –6.7 ± 3.8 | 8.2 ± 4.0 | 12.2 ± 5 | –96.2 ± 48.7 | – | |||||
| Swimmers (C2, C) | 125 | 30.0 ± 9.0 | –5.9 ± 3.4 | 6.1 ± 3.4 | 9.0 ± 3.8 | –94.5 ± 40.3 | – | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ | ↔ | – | |
| Nottin et al. (2008) [31] | Control | 23 | 24.6 ± 4.6 | –4.8 ± 3.2 | 4.0 ± 2.9 | 9.2 ± 3.2 | –72.9 ± 20.7 | – | |||||
| Cyclists (C3, E) | 16 | 22.6 ± 5.4 | –5.2 ± 2.4 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 6.0 ± 1.8 | –68.2 ± 33.5 | – | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ | ↔ | – | |
| Vitarelli et al. (2013) [37] | Control | 35 | 28.3 ± 11.4 | –6.7 ± 2.3 | 10.1 ± 3.6 | 14.6 ± 4.3 | –78.9 ± 15.0 | –61.7 ± 24.0 | |||||
| Marathoners (C1, C) | 35 | 28.7 ± 10.7 | –7.7 ± 2.2 | 14.2 ± 4.3 | 21.5 ± 5.2 | –93.9 ± 21.0 | –94.2 ± 29.0 | ↔ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |
| Power lifters (A3,C) | 35 | 30.3 ± 9.4 | –6.8 ± 1.9 | 10.8 ± 3.7 | 15.8 ± 4.5 | –83.1 ± 16.0 | –64.2 ± 23.0 | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | |
| Martial artists (A3,C) | 35 | 29.4 ± 9.8 | –7.6 ± 2.4 | 13.8 ± 3.9 | 20.8 ± 5.4 | –92.2 ± 22.0 | –80.6 ± 31.0 | ↔ | ↑ | ↑ | ↔ | ↔ | |
| Cote et al. (2013) [53] | Control | 10 | 28.5 ± 5.9 | –11.7 ± 21.3 | 12.9 ± 5.2 | 17.8 ± 6.2 | –139.9 ± 44.5 | – | |||||
| Cyclists (C3, C) | 11 | 33.0 ± 5.6 | –5.8 ± 1.7 | 12.2 ± 3.9 | 17.4 ± 4.9 | –108.7 ± 33.0 | – | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | – | |
| Galderisi et al. (2010) [28] | Control | 19 | 28.5 ± 6.6 | –3.7 ± 0.5 | 6.2 ± 1.4 | 9.7 ± 1.8 | – | – | |||||
| Rowers (C3, E) | 22 | 27.7 ± 8.4 | –2.9 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.3 | 9.2 ± 2.0 | – | – | ↓ | ↔ | ↔ | – | – | |
| Kovacs et al. (2014) [10] | Control | 13 | 30.0 ± 5.0 | –2.1 ± 1.0 | – | 6.0 ± 2.2 | – | ||||||
| Kayak, canoe, and rowers (C3, E) | 28 | 26.0 ± 8.0 | –2.7 ± 1.2 | – | 6.4 ± 2.1 | – | AVC: –7.4 ± 9.3 –12.2 ± 8.8 MVO: –23.2 ± 8.2 –32.7 ± 12.7 |
↔ | – | ↔ | – | AVC: ↔ MVO: ↑ |
|
| Maufrais et al. (2014) [30] | Control | 30 | 21.3 ± 3.0 | –5.6 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 2.9 | 8.9 ± 3.3 | –66.7 ± 27.5 | – | |||||
| Marathoners, triathletes, and cyclists (ND, E) | 25 | 23.0 ± 2.0 | –4.9 ± 2.2 | 4.9 ± 2.0 | 8.0 ± 3.0 | –76.7 ± 34.0 | – | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | – | |
| Maufrais et al. (2014) [30] | Control | 19 | 38.0 ± 5.0 | –5.9 ± 3.5 | 7.2 ± 3.4 | 11.5 ± 4.5 | –69.5 ± 29.0 | – | |||||
| Marathoners, triathletes and cyclists (ND, E) | 46 | 38.0 ± 5.0 | –4.2 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 2.6 | 8.5 ± 3.0 | –74.9 ± 24.1 | – | ↓ | ↔ | ↓ | ↔ | – | |
| Zocalo et al. (2008) [38] | Control | 10 | 27.0 ± 6.0 | –7.4 ± 0.9 | 6.9 ± 2.5 | – | – | – | |||||
| Soccer players (C1, E) | 17 | 25.0 ± 5.0 | –2.7 ± 2.8 | 3.1 ± 1.8 | – | – | – | ↓ | ↓ | – | – | – | |
Data are mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated
A3 low dynamic, high static, Arot apical rotation, AVC aortic valve closure, Brot basal rotation, C1 high dynamic, low static, C2 high dynamic, moderate static, C3 high dynamic, high static, E elite athletes, C competitive athletes, MVO mitral valve opening, n participant number, ND not differentiated, PUV peak untwisting velocity, UTR untwisting rate, ↑ indicates significantly greater in athletes, ↓ indicates significantly less in athletes, ↔ indicates no athlete–control differences